Passive polarimetric microwave radiometer for detecting aircraft icing conditions

Abstract

The passive polarimetric microwave radiometer is a simple and low cost radiometric icing detection system that operates over a suitable set of frequency bands in the millimeter wave region of the spectrum to provide useful signatures for detecting aircraft icing conditions. This basic passive polarimetric microwave radiometer observes along a single line of sight and consists of a dual polarization dual frequency radiometer that is pointed in the direction of interest, such as the projected flight path, and operates at a frequency which is sensitive to the polarizing effects of hydrometeors. The passive polarimetric microwave radiometer could also observe in a horizontal plane around the aircraft or ground station and include both vertical and horizontal scanning capability. By utilizing polarimetric observations near two widely separated lines at frequencies with matching attenuations (and therefore matching range sensitivities) a stronger spectral signal providing information on hydrometeor habit (size and shape) can be obtained. Such additional information is especially important to characterize volumes containing mixed phases of liquid water and ice (wetted ice crystals, or interspersed ice and liquid hydrometeors) and for determining hydrometeor shapes and size distributions. The radiometric signals from the antenna can be downconverted with local oscillators centered at around 60 GHz, 118.75 GHz, and/or 183 GHz, and use filter banks to separate out baseband sidebands into a plurality of frequency intervals at various frequency separations from the local oscillator frequency, thus obtaining radiometric sensitivities with a variety of differing weighting functions, and therefore range sensitivities. Alternatively, direct detection of signals passing through high frequency filters at desired frequencies can be utilized.