Electronic method for controlling charged particles to obtain optimum

Abstract

An electronic method is described whereby the applied electromotive force optimizes the electrokinetic behavior of charged particles to match closely the natural electrical response and physical structure of the system. The method shapes the electromotive force's amplitude and frequency to normalize the relative interactions between the charged particles and the physical structure. An injection means (1) allows this method to be applied to a broad base of physical, biological, and electrochemical processes that depend on the electrokinetic behavior of charged particles. The method can effectively utilize the reactive energy or amplification occurring at natural system resonance to enhance the performance of the system without an increase in the applied power. In an electrochemical process the method provides an optimized mass transport perturbation, including the electrical double layer, that is perpendicular to the electrodes. Further, a battery module (52) is disclosed using this method to control and improve performance in electrolytic, galvanic, and storage modes of operation. Advantages of this method include less energy consumption, better material utilization, tighter process control, simpler circuitry, lower cost, longer operational life, and higher process throughput.