Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

Abstract

An electrophotographic photosensitive member in which durability is improved by suppressing detachment of particles from a surface layer while transferability is improved. The electrophotographic photosensitive member is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a surface layer containing a binder resin and a particle, wherein a value of a ratio of a total volume of the particle occupying the surface layer to a volume of the binder resin occupying the surface layer is 0.50 or more and 3.0 or less, and wherein a maximum value Rmkmax [nm] of an averaged sectional difference of elevation Rmk and a calculated length Lmax [nm] when the maximum value Rmkmax is taken, which are obtained by measuring a surface of the surface layer with a scanning probe microscope, satisfy the following formulae (i) and (ii), 30≤Rmkmax≤70 . . . (i) and 100≤Lmax≤500 . . . (ii).