The Lummus Company

William V Bauer

Morgan C Sze

Raymond H Long

Oliverio M Lamonte

Jose A Isaacs

In the direct reduction of iron ore wherein a solid mixture of unused carbonaceous reductant and spent flux is roasted to convert calcium sulfide to sulfate, the solids recovered from the roasting are carbonated to further reduce the sulfide content, and convert calcium oxide to the carbonate to provide a stabilized solid waste for disposal.

Solid waste treatment in reduction of iron ore

In the direct reduction of iron ore, there is recovered a solid mixture of carbonaceous reductant and used flux, followed by dispersion of the mixture in an aqueous liquid and carbonation of the flux in the mixture in order to enable effective separation of the used flux from the carbonaceous reductant. After separation, the carbonaceous reductant is recycled to the reducing of iron ore.

Iron ore direct reduction waste treatment

A portion of a steam pyrolysis tubular coil, preferably the outlet portion, is provided with an insert to provide a radiation absorption surface within the tube. The insert is dimensioned to increase heat flux without adversely increasing pressure drop. A preferred insert has a central body and outwardly extending vanes in contact with the interior of the coil.

Steam pyrolysis of hydrocarbons

Coke is desulphurized by sequentially heating the coke to desulphurization temperatures, and maintaining the coke at desulphurization temperatures to effect desulphurization thereof, the coke reaching a temperature of at least 1000.degree. C. (preferaby at least 1100.degree. C. and, more preferably at least 1200.degree. C.) during desulphurization, and cooling being effected by direct countercurrent contact with a gas and, all or a portion of the heating being effected by direct countercurrent contact with the gas, with the heat released from the coke during cooling being recuperated by the gas and employed to provide most of the heating to bring the coke to desulphurization temperature. The coke and/or gas is heated between the cooling and heating steps to maintain the gas at a temperature below the coke during cooling and at a temperature above the coke during heating. The gas is preferably recirculated as hydrogen present in the gas, as the result of cracking of hydrocarbon in the volatiles released from the coke, accentuates desulphurization.

Coke desulphurization

In the catalytic hydrotreating of pyrolysis gasoline, the major portion of dienes present in the hydrotreated product concentrate in the C.sub.5 fraction. The C.sub.5 fraction is separated from a first portion of the hydrotreated effluent and a portion of said separated C.sub.5 fraction is combined with a second portion of the hydrotreated effluent as a combined recycle stream to the hydrotreating reaction. By combining a portion of the separated C.sub.5 fraction with the recycle hydrotreated effluent, the net C.sub.5 product recovered from the process has a diene value which is lower than that which would be obtained without the C.sub.5 recycle.

Hydrotreating of pyrolysis gasoline

A pyrolysis gasoline, containing dienes and mercaptan sulphur is hydrotreated in a first stage in the presence of a non-noble metal catalyst under conditions primarily designed to effect mercaptan sulphur reduction, rather than diene reduction, followed by hydrotreating in a second stage in the presence of a noble metal catalyst to effect the desired reduction in diene value. The two stage treatment results in a stable pyrolysis gasoline product free of excessive polymer requiring no re-distillation, with 'doctor sweet' quality, with the treatment being effected at higher space velocities and lower temperatures than those normally employed.

Two-stage hydrotreating of pyrolysis gasoline to remove mercaptan sulfur

Pyrolysis gasoline is stabilized by hydrotreating in the presence of a catalyst of cobalt-tungsten sulfide supported on high surface area alumina. Dienes are selectively hydrogenated and mercaptan sulfur is reduced, without production of polymer and the product has an ASTM distillation curve essentially identical to the feed.

Iron oxide pellets, containing integral carbon and a desulfurizing additive, are heated up to a final reduction temperature of 1800.degree. - 2500.degree. F, with the heating over the range from 1500.degree. F to the final reduction temperature being controlled depending on the amount of integral carbon in the pellets. The pellets are reduced, with the pellets being steamed prior to the reduction or during the reduction. Pellets having a sulfur content of less than 0.03 weight percent are produced.

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New York, NY, United States of America

William V Bauer