Akamai Technologies, Inc.

Other

Sycamore Networks, Inc.

William R Sears

David C Carver

Brandon O Williams

Martin K Lohner

Gregory Fletcher

Kevin Harmon

Leen Al Shenibr

Leen AlShenibr

Vladimir Shtokman

Kevin J Cronin

Timothy Strok

Robert D Kolder

Naimish Patel

Samuel Erb

Joseph Zahavi

Daniel Franke

A method of congestion control implemented by a sender over a network link that includes a router having a queue. During a first state, information is received from a receiver. The information comprises an estimated maximum bandwidth for the link, a one-way transit time for traffic over the link, and an indication whether the network link is congested. In response to the link being congested, the sender transitions to a second state. While in the second state, a sending rate of packets in reduced, in part to attempt to drain the queue of data packets contributed by the sender. The sender transitions to a third state when the sender estimates that the queue has been drained of the data packets contributed. During the third state, the sending rate is increased until either the sender transitions back to the first state, or receives a new indication that the link is congested.

Efficient congestion control in a tunneled network

A set of transaction handling computing elements comprise a network core that receive and process transaction requests into an append-only immutable chain of data blocks, wherein a data block is a collection of transactions, and wherein an Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) data structure supporting the immutable chain of data blocks is an output from a finalized transaction. Typically, the UTXO data structure consists essentially of an address and a value. In this approach, at least one UTXO data structure is configured to include information either in addition to or in lieu of the address and value, thereby defining a Transaction Output (TXO). A TXO may have a variety of types, and one type includes an attribute that encodes data. In response to receipt of a request to process a transaction, the set of transaction handling computing elements are executed to process the transaction into a block using at least the information in the TXO.

High performance distributed system of record with extended transaction processing capability

A method operative in association with a set of transaction handling computing elements that comprise a network core that receive and process transaction requests into an append-only immutable chain of data blocks, wherein a data block is a collection of transactions, and wherein presence of a transaction recorded within a data block is verifiable via a cryptographic hash, and wherein Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) data structures supporting the immutable chain of data blocks are maintained in a UTXO database, wherein a UXTO is an output from a finalized transaction that contains a value. The technique herein includes periodically snapshotting a given portion of the UTXO database to generate a hash. The hash of the snapshot is recorded within the immutable chain of data blocks, and preferably within a given block header. In responsive to a receipt of a recovery request, and to facilitate recovery of the system to a provably-known state, a consensus algorithm is executed over the UXTO snapshot.

High performance distributed system of record with unspent transaction output (UTXO) database snapshot integrity

Transaction handling computing elements comprise a network core that processes transaction requests into a blockchain, wherein a data block is a collection of transactions, and wherein an Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) supporting the blockchain is an output from a finalized transaction. The elements interoperate with a transaction signing mechanism that associates a set of addresses on the blockchain with a delegate address, the delegate address having a set of signing public keys corresponding to one or more signing private keys used to sign UTXOs. In association with a new transaction being processed by the set of transaction handling components, a signing public key for an associated UXTO is located by following an address chain that includes an address in the set of addresses together with the delegate address. The signing public key is retrieved from a location associated with the delegate address and then used to sign (unlock) the associated UXTO.

High performance distributed system of record with delegated transaction signing

A method of congestion control implemented by a sender over a network link that includes a router having a queue. During a first state, information is received from a receiver. The information comprises an estimated maximum bandwidth for the link, a one-way transit time for traffic over the link, and an indication whether the link is congested. In response to the link being congested, the sender transitions to a second state. While in the second state, a sending rate of packets is reduced, in part to attempt to drain the queue of data packets contributed by the sender. The sender transitions to a third state when the sender estimates that the queue has been drained of the data packets contributed. During the third state, the sending rate is increased until either the sender transitions back to the first state, or receives a new indication that the link is congested.

Applications that run on an overlay network-based managed service achieve high performance gains using a set of TCP optimizations. In a first optimization, a typical single TCP connection between a client and an origin server is broken into preferably three (3) separate TCP connections. These connections are: an edge-to-client connection, an edge-to-edge connection, and edge-to-origin connection. A second optimization replicates TCP state along the connection to increase fault tolerance. In this approach, preferably a given TCP connection is maintained on two servers. When a packet is received by one server, called the primary, its state is updated and then passed to a second server, called the backup. Only when the backup sends an acknowledgement back to the primary can it then send a TCP acknowledgement back to the host that originally sent the packet. Another optimization reduces connection establishment latency.

Reducing TCP connection establishment time in an overlay network

Applications that run on an overlay network-based managed service achieve high performance gains using a set of TCP optimizations. In a first optimization, a typical single TCP connection between a client and an origin server is broken into preferably three (3) separate TCP connections. These connections are: an edge-to-client connection, an edge-to-edge connection, and edge-to-origin connection. A second optimization replicates TCP state along the connection to increase fault tolerance. In this approach, preferably a given TCP connection is maintained on two servers. When a packet is received by one server, called the primary, its state is updated and then passed to a second server, called the backup. Only when the backup sends an acknowledgement back to the primary can it then send a TCP acknowledgement back to the host that originally sent the packet. Another optimization reduces connection establishment latency. In particular, data is sent across the edge-to-edge connection before waiting for a SYN/ACK from a receiving region to be received by the sending region. This is achieved by generating a SYN/ACK packet (at the sending region) and feeding it back to the edge-to-edge connection. This causes TCP to treat the connection as established, thereby allowing data to flow.

The defibrillator storage device has an enclosure comprised of wall sections, a top section, bottom section and door section defining an interior compartment of sufficient size to house a defibrillator. A defibrillator mount is connected to the interior of the enclosure. An alarm means having a visual alarm signal and an audible alarm signal is used to indicate that the door of the device has been opened, signaling a possible cardiac arrest incident. An activation switch for triggering the alarm is connected to the door and positioned to contact an enclosure wall when the door is closed. The normally open switch is closed and is closed when the door is opened. An alarm deactivating switch connected in circuit to the alarm is used to reset the system or to totally deactivate the alarm.

Defibrillator enclosure with alarm signal

In a network having a trace capability, a method to track the connectivity of the network uses the trace messages. A network manager creates a list of ports in the network and uses that list to track the connectivity. For each port, the manager first checks whether there is a current connection and if it finds one, records the connection. For the unconnected ports, the manager enables the transmission of a trace message that identifies the transmitting port. When a trace detected message is received from a port, the network manager updates the list of ports with the connection just reported and disables the trace message that was detected. A port sending a trace message that is not detected is marked as not connected in the list. The method is useful in high bandwidth circuit-based networks, such as optical networks, composed of links of many types and utilizing differing protocols.

Method for port connectivity discovery in transparent high bandwidth networks

The protective defibrillator storage device has an enclosure comprised of a plurality of wall sections, a top section, a bottom section and a door section. The wall sections, top section, bottom section, and the door section define an interior compartment. The interior compartment is of sufficient size to house a defibrillator. A defibrillator mount is connected to an interior surface of the enclosure. An alarm means is connected to the enclosure. The alarm means is used to indicate that the door of the protective defibrillator storage device has been opened, and that a cardiac arrest incident is possibly in progress. The alarm means is comprised of an alarm circuit with a visual alarm signal and an audible alarm signal. The alarm means is activated when the door section is opened and remains activated until the alarm means is deactivated and reset. An activation switch for triggering the alarm means is connected to the door section and operatively positioned to contact an enclosure wall when the door is closed. The activation switch is open when the door section is closed, but upon opening of the door section, the activation switch closes activating the alarm means. An alarm deactivating switch is connected to the enclosure and is connected in circuit to the alarm means. The alarm deactivating switch is used to reset the system after the alarm means has been activated or to totally deactivate the alarm means.

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Lexington, MA, United States of America

William R Sears