Northwestern University

William H Reinhardt

Matthew Grayson

Chulin Wang

Juncen Li

Systems and methods include an electrical switch that establishes a first electrical conducting path between terminals of an electrical measurement apparatus through one or more electrical leads and an electrically-conductive sample in a first state, and a second electrical conducting path between the terminals through the one or more electrical leads while bypassing the sample in a second state. A voltage Vis measured across all of the sample and the one or more electrical leads in the first state, while a voltage Vis measured across the one or more electrical leads while bypassing the sample in the second state. Calculations according to the equation V=V&#x2212;Vare performed to determine a precision DC voltage measurement of a voltage across the sample Vin the absence of Seebeck voltage offsets contributed by the one or more electrical leads.

Growing community of inventors

Iowa City, IA, United States of America

William H Reinhardt