Nicira, Inc.

Styra, Inc.

Apple Inc.

Vmware, Inc.

Teemu Koponen

Pankaj Thakkar

Martin Casado

Ronghua Zhang

Timothy L Hinrichs

W Andrew Lambeth

Torin Sandall

Amar Padmanabhan

Jeremy Stribling

Andrew Curtis

Yong Wang

Xinhua Hong

Igor Ganichev

Justin Pettit

Keith Eric Amidon

Bruce Davie

Daniel J Wendlandt

Jesse Ernest Gross, Iv

Paul Ingram

Natasha Gude

Bryan J Fulton

Mikol Graves

Octavian Florescu

Marco Sanvido

Benjamin L Pfaff

Alexander Yip

Peter J Balland, Iii

Alan Shieh

Ethan J Jackson

Stan Lagun

Mo Dong

Jia Yu

Amre Shakimov

Michael M Hu

Anupam Chanda

Paul Fazzone

Aayush Saxena

Andy Zhou

Peter J Shepherd

Gleb Dubovik

Magnus Hei-Yu Ma

Nicholas Shelly

Sayed Asad Ali

Ganesan Chandrashekhar

Srinivas Neginhal

Jarno Rajahalme

Ansis Atteka

Harold Vinson C Lim

Mehak Mahajan

Joseph A Garcia

Mart Haitjema

Iii Balland Peter J

Benjamin Levy Pfaff

Iv Gross Jesse E

Jesse E Gross Iv

Jesse Gross Iv

Benjamin Levry Pfaff

Peter J Balland Iii

Jesse E Iv Gross

Some embodiments provide API (Application Programming Interface) authorization platform that allows API-authorization policy stacks to be created and enforced. Policy stacks (called 'stacks') define API-authorization policies across different sets of managed resources in a workspace. A stack in some embodiments defines a uniform set of one or more API-authorization policies for multiple different sets of resources. By instituting common policies across multiple managed resource sets (also called managed systems), stacks can be used to guarantee uniform baseline policies for the workspace. A stack is typically applied to several managed resources that share a common trait. The API-authorization platform of some embodiments allows an administrator to define the traits of the managed resources through labels that are associated with the stacks and the managed systems. This platform in some embodiments also allows a stack to specify an exception for a managed system based on one or more features of the system.

Method and apparatus for enforcing policies for authorizing APIs

A network control system that includes several controllers for managing several switching elements. Each controller includes a network information base (NIB) storage that stores data regarding the switching elements and a secondary storage for facilitating replication of at least a portion of data across the NIB storages of the different controllers. In some embodiments, the primary purpose for one or more of the secondary storage structures is to back up the data in the NIB. In these or other embodiments, one or more of the secondary storage structures serve a purpose other than backing up the data in the NIB. In some embodiments, the NIB is stored in system memory while the system operates for fast access of the NIB records. In some embodiments, one or more of the secondary storage structures are stored on disks which can be slower to access.

Method and apparatus for using a network information base to control a plurality of shared network infrastructure switching elements

Some embodiments provide a method for evaluating authorization policies that restrict access to API (Application Programming Interfaces) calls to an application executing on a host system. At the application, the method receives an API call to execute. The method directs a process virtual machine (VM) executing inside the application to make an authorization decision for the API call. The method executes the API call after receiving an authorization decision to allow the API call from the process VM executing inside the application.

Portable policy execution using embedded machines

Some embodiments provide a local controller on a set of host computers that reduce the volume of data that is communicated between the server set and the set of host computers. The local controller executing on a particular host computer, in some embodiments, receives a portion of the namespace including only the policies (e.g., opcode) that are relevant to API-authorization processing for the applications executing on the particular host computer provided by a local agent executing on the computer to authorize the API requests based on policies and parameters. The local controller analyzes the received policies (e.g., policy opcodes) and identifies the parameters (e.g. operands), or parameter types, needed for API-authorization processing (e.g., evaluating the policy opcode upon receiving a particular API request) by the local agent. In some embodiments, the local controller performs this analysis for each updated set of policies (e.g., policy opcodes).

Local controller for local API authorization method and apparatus

Some embodiments of the invention provide a method of modifying and validating API requests received at an API server. At a mutating admission controller of the API server, the method intercepts an API request received at the API server. The method invokes a mutating webhook to query a policy agent that includes a set of policies for modifying API requests. When the policy agent determines that the API request requires modifications based on an identified policy, the method performs the modifications and forwards the modified API request for validation by the API server. After validating the API request, the method intercepts the API request at a validating admission controller and invokes a validating webhook to query the policy agent to determine whether the API request is valid. When the policy agent determines that the API request is valid, the method forwards the API request to be admitted to a database.

Method and system for modifying and validating API requests

Some embodiments of the invention provide a system for defining, distributing and enforcing policies for authorizing API (Application Programming Interface) calls to applications executing on one or more sets of associated machines (e.g., virtual machines, containers, computers, etc.) in one or more datacenters. This system has servers that act as a logically centralized resource for defining and storing policies and parameters for evaluating these policies. The servers enforce these policies and distribute the policies and parameters to policy-enforcing local agents that execute near the applications that process the API calls. From an associated application, a local agent receives API-authorization requests to determine whether API calls received by the application are authorized. In response to such a request, the local agent uses one or more parameters associated with the API call to identify a policy stored in its local policy storage to evaluate whether the API call should be authorized. To evaluate this policy, the agent also retrieves one or more parameters from the local policy storage.

System for authorizing API calls

Some embodiments provide a forwarding element that detects and handles elephant flows. In detecting, the forwarding element of some embodiments monitors statistics or measurements relating to a data flow. In handling, the forwarding element marks each packet associated with a detected elephant flow in some manner to differentiate it from a packet associated with a mouse flow. Alternatively, the forwarding element of break elephant flows into a number mouse flow by facilitating in sending packets associated with the detected elephant flow along different paths.

Detecting and handling large flows

Some embodiments provide a method for distributing a set of parameters associated with policies for authorizing Application Programming Interface (API) calls to an application. For a previously stored hierarchical first document that comprises a first set of elements in a first hierarchical structure, the method receives a hierarchical update second document that comprises a second set of elements in a second hierarchical structure corresponding to the first hierarchical structure, wherein at least a subset of elements in the first and the second documents correspond to the set of parameters for evaluating API calls. The method receives a first set of hash values for elements of the first document that are not specified in the second document, and generates a second set of hash values for a set of elements specified in the second document. The method generates an overall hash for the second document by using the received first set of hash values and the generated second set of hash values. The method uses the overall hash to validate a signature from an entity that is authorized to specify the set of parameters.

Validating policies and data in API authorization system

Some embodiments of the invention provide a system for defining, distributing and enforcing policies for authorizing API (Application Programming Interface) calls to applications executing on one or more sets of associated machines (e.g., virtual machines, containers, computers, etc.) in one or more datacenters. This system has a set of one or more servers that acts as a logically centralized resource for defining and storing policies and parameters for evaluating these policies. The server set in some embodiments also enforces these API-authorizing policies. Conjunctively, or alternatively, the server set in some embodiments distributes the defined policies and parameters to policy-enforcing local agents that execute near the applications that process the API calls. From an associated application, a local agent receives API-authorization requests to determine whether API calls received by the application are authorized. In response to such a request, the local agent uses one or more parameters associated with the API call to identify a policy stored in its local policy storage to evaluate whether the API call should be authorized. To evaluate this policy, the agent might also retrieve one or more parameters from the local policy storage.

Processing API calls by authenticating and authorizing API calls

Some embodiments provide a method for enforcing policies for authorizing API (Application Programming Interface) calls to an application operating on a host machine. The method receives a request to authenticate a client attempting to gain access to the application, and authenticates the client based on a first set of parameters associated with the request. Using a second set of parameters associated with the request, the method evaluates a set of one or more policies associated with a set of one or more API calls to the application. Based on the evaluated policies, the method defines a third set of one or more authentication field parameters that control the API calls that the client is authorized to make to the application. The method sends an authentication reply message with the defined third set of authentication field parameters in order to control the API calls that the client is authorized to make.

Leveraging standard protocols to interface unmodified applications and services

A novel design of a gateway that handles traffic in and out of a network by using a datapath pipeline is provided. The datapath pipeline includes multiple stages for performing various data-plane packet-processing operations at the edge of the network. The processing stages include centralized routing stages and distributed routing stages. The processing stages can include service-providing stages such as NAT and firewall. The gateway caches the result previous packet operations and reapplies the result to subsequent packets that meet certain criteria. For packets that do not have applicable or valid result from previous packet processing operations, the gateway datapath daemon executes the pipelined packet processing stages and records a set of data from each stage of the pipeline and synthesizes those data into a cache entry for subsequent packets.

Datapath for multiple tenants

Some embodiments of the invention provide a novel method of tunneling data packets. The method establishes a tunnel between a first forwarding element and a second forwarding element. For each data packet directed to the second forwarding element from the first forwarding element, the method encapsulates the data packet with a header that includes a tunnel option. The method then sends the data packet from the first forwarding element to the second forwarding element through the established tunnel. In some embodiments, the data packet is encapsulated using a protocol that is adapted to change with different control plane implementations and the implementations' varying needs for metadata.

Encapsulating data packets using an adaptive tunnelling protocol

Some embodiments provide a system that includes a set of network controllers for receiving definitions of first and second logical switching elements. The system includes several managed switching elements. The set of network controllers configure the several managed switching elements to implement the defined first and second logical switching elements. The system includes several network hosts that are each (1) communicatively coupled to one of the several managed switching elements and (2) associated with one of the first and second logical switching elements. Network data communicated between network hosts associated with the first logical switching element are isolated from network data communicated between network hosts associated with the second logical switching element.

Managed switch architectures: software managed switches, hardware managed switches, and heterogeneous managed switches

Some embodiments provide a method gaining insight into applicability of policies that authorize access to at least one service through application programming interface (API) calls by a plurality of users. The method receives an authentication policy that defines multiple users of a system providing the service, and also receives an authorization policy that defines access to the service by the users. The method generates an authorization policy for defining access to the service by authenticated users by combining the first and second policies. The method receives a query regarding access to the service from a particular set of one or more users, and uses the third policy to provide a response to the query that describes access to the service for the particular user set.

Viewing aggregate policies for authorizing an API

Some embodiments provide a system for implementing a logical network that includes a set of end machines, a first logical middlebox, and a second logical middlebox connected by a set of logical forwarding elements. The system includes a set of nodes. Each of several nodes includes (i) a virtual machine for implementing an end machine of the logical network, (ii) a managed switching element for implementing the set of logical forwarding elements of the logical network, and (iii) a middlebox element for implementing the first logical middlebox of the logical network. The system includes a physical middlebox appliance for implementing the second logical middlebox.

Architecture of networks with middleboxes

Growing community of inventors

San Francisco, CA, United States of America

Teemu Koponen