Tanabe Seiyaku Company, Limited

Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd.

Tnanbe Seiyaku Co., Ltd.

Tadashi Sato

Tetsuya Tosa

Ichiro Chibata

Taizo Watanabe

Satoshi Minobe

Masahiro Kagotani

Kazuo Matsumoto

Kimiaki Hayashi

Shinji Nagamatsu

Zenjiro Honda

Isao Takata

Kozo Yamamoto

Tomonobu Ase

Kenichi Nunami

Takashi Nishimura

A method for determination of a pyrogen content which comprises bringing a specimen into contact with an adsorbent composed of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound bonded to a water-insoluble carrier directly or through a spacer, and after or without eluting the pyrogen adsorbed on the adsorbent, determining the content of the adsorbed pyrogen by the Limulus method.

Method for determining pyrogen content

Imidazole-containing peptide of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is a branched alkyl group, a branched alkyloxy group or an aryl-substituted lower alkyloxy group, R.sup.2 and R.sup.4 are the same or different and each is hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group, R.sup.3 and R.sup.5 are a phenyl-substituted lower alkyl group, R.sup.6 is hydrogen atom or a lower alkoxycarbonyl group, R.sup.7 is hydrogen atom or a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group-substituted lower alkylthio group, X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 are the same or different and each is ##STR2## A is a lower alkylene group which may be substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of a lower alkoxy group, hydroxymethyl group and a group of the formula: ##STR3## and R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 are the same or different and each is hydrogen atom or a lower group, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which is useful as an immunomodulator and as an agent for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erthematodes, glomerulonephris, rhumatic fever or type I diabetes and atopic allergy, a processes for the preparation thereof, and a pharmaceutical composition containing said compound as an active ingredient.

Imidazole-containing peptides having immunomodulatory activity

Pyrogens are removed out of a solution thereof by (1) treating the solution with a membrane and then (2) treating the resulting solution with a pyrogen adsorbent. The obtained solution is useful in pharmaceutical fields.

Process for removing pyrogens

At least one acryl or allyl monomer is polymerized in an aqueous suspension containing a fumarase-producing microorganism. The resultant immobilized fumarase-producing microorganism is contacted with bile acids or salts thereof. Then, the immobilized fumarase-producing microorganism is subjected to enzymatic reaction with fumaric acid or a salt thereof. L-Malic acid is prepared without the production of the by-product succinic acid.

Process for preparing L-malic acid

A method for removing a pyrogen from a solution of a pyrogen-containing substance such as an amino acid, a nucleic acid base, an antibiotic, a hormone, a vitamin, an enzyme, an antibody or the like comprising contacting the solution with an adsorbent to adsorb the pyrogen, which is characterized in that the adsorbent comprises a water-insoluble carrier and a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound of the formula:

Method for reducing the pyrogen content of or removing pyrogens from

An immobilized glucose isomerase-producing microorganism is reacted with D-glucose to produce D-fructose. Immobilization is carried out by polymerizing at least one acryloyl monomer in an aqueous suspension containing a glucose isomerase-producing microorganism. The acryloyl monomers employed include acryloylamide, N,N'-lower alkylene-bis-acryloylamide, bis(acryloylamidomethyl)ether and N,N'-di-acryloyl-ethyleneurea.

Preparation of d-fructose

At least one acryloyl monomer is polymerized in an aqueous suspension containing a penicillin amidase-producing microorganism. The acryloyl monomers employed in the present invention include acryloylamide, N,N'-lower alkylene-bis-acryloylamide, bis(acryloylamidomethyl)ether and N,N'-di-acryloylethyleneurea. The resultant immobilized penicillin amidase-producing microorganism is subjected to enzymatic reaction with penicillin. 6-Amino-penicillanic acid is produced.

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Takatsuki, Japan

Tadashi Sato