Abgenix, Inc.

Cell Genesys, Inc.

Other

Leland Stanford Junior University

Amgen Fremont Inc.

Impossible Foods Inc.

Sue Klapholz

Aya Jakobovits

Raju S Kucherlapati

Daniel J Capon

Daniel G Brenner

Stephen A Sherwin

Arthur I Skoultchi

Patrick O'reilly Brown

Elysia Cohn

Larry L Green

Celeste Holz-Schietinger

Patrick O'Reilly Brown

Ranjani Varadan

Elysia P Cohn

Patrick O Brown

Michael Eisen

Michael J Mendez

Monte Casino

Stanley Nelson

Jean Prevot

Rajau Kucherlapati

Provided herein are methods and compositions for the production of cheese replicas. Generally the cheese replicas are produced by inducing the enzymatic curdling of non-dairy milks.

Methods and compositions for consumables

The present invention relates to transgenic non-human animals that are engineered to contain human immunoglobulin gene loci. In particular, animals in accordance with the invention possess human Ig loci that include plural variable (Vand V&#x3ba;) gene regions. Advantageously, the inclusion of plural variable region genes enhances the specificity and diversity of human antibodies produced by the animal. Further, the inclusion of such regions enhances and reconstitutes B-cell development to the animals, such that the animals possess abundant mature B-cells secreting extremely high affinity antibodies.

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Fully human antibodies against a specific antigen can be prepared by administering the antigen to a transgenic animal which has been modified to produce such antibodies in response to antigenic challenge, but whose endogenous loci have been disabled. Various subsequent manipulations can be performed to obtain either antibodies per se or analogs thereof.

Human antibodies derived from immunized xenomice

The subject invention provides non-human mammalian hosts characterized by inactivated endogenous Ig loci and functional human Ig loci for response to an immunogen to produce human antibodies or analogs thereof. The hosts are produced by multiple genetic modifications of embryonic cells in conjunction with breeding. Different strategies are employed for recombination of the human loci randomly or at analogous host loci. Chimeric and transgenic mammals, particularly mice, are provided, having stably integrated large, xenogeneic DNA segments. The segments are introduced by fusion with yeast spheroplasts comprising yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) which include the xenogeneic DNA segments and a selective marker such as HPRT, and embryonic stem cells.

Generation of xenogeneic antibodies

Antibodies with fully human variable regions against a specific antigen can be prepared by administering the antigen to a transgenic animal which has been modified to produce such antibodies in response to antigenic challenge, but whose endogenous loci have been disabled. Various subsequent manipulations can be performed to obtain either antibodies per se or analogs thereof.

Generation of Xenogenetic antibodies

Expression of mammalian target genes is achieved by employing chromosomal target DNA, either native primary cells or YACs in a yeast host, where the YACs include a fragment of a mammalian chromosome, the fragment comprising the target gene. Employing homologous recombination, an amplifiable gene is integrated into the mammalian fragment at a site to allow for amplification. In the same step, or one or more steps, as desired, the mammalian gene and/or the transcriptional system may be modified by in vivo mutagenesis. The resulting construct from homologous recombination may then be transformed into a mammalian expression host and integrated into the host genome, either randomly or by homologous recombination. The amplifiable gene may then be amplified by an appropriate agent providing for multiple copies of the target gene and the expression host grown to provide for high yields of the desired wild-type or modified protein.

Gene manipulation and expression using genomic elements

Genetic mapping is provided by combinations of two related general procedures. In the first procedure, mapping is provided by identifying genetic regions from which DNA fragments derived from two individuals can combine to form extensive hybrids free of base mismatches. DNA is processed by a method that allows perfectly-matched hybrid DNA molecules formed between DNAs from the two individuals, to be separated from imperfectly-paired DNA hybrids or hybrids in which both strands are from the same individual's DNA. The perfectly-matched hybrid DNAs can then be labeled and the labeled DNA used as probes to identify loci of identity-by-descent between the two individuals. In the second procedure, nicks are introduced specifically into DNA hybrids formed between non-identical alleles from a region of heterozygosity in an individual diploid genome. The nicked DNA molecules are then specifically labeled to provide probes for identifying regions of heterozygosity in the genome of an individual.

Genomic mismatch scanning

Growing community of inventors

Stanford, CA, United States of America

Sue Klapholz