Other

Sidney Levy

Abraham Friedman

There is disclosed, in one aspect, a continuous process for producing n-butanol. This process comprises continuously (a) contacting at least one carbohydrate-containing substrate, such as blackstrap molasses, with an n-butanol producing culture, such as Clostridium acetobutylicum (Weizmann), in water to effect the fermentation of the substrate and form a product mixture comprising n-butanol, (b) extracting the product mixture from the substrate, culture, and water by forming a solution of the product mixture with an extraction solvent, such as a one or two carbon fluorocarbon, (c) separating the extraction solvent from the product mixture by vaporizing substantially all of the solvent without substantial vaporization of the product mixture, and (d) condensing the vaporized solvent for reuse as an extraction solvent in step (b). In another aspect, there is disclosed an apparatus for conducting such a process. This apparatus comprises (a) means for holding the substrate and water, (b) reactor means for holding the culture and facilitating its contact with the substrate, (c) means for feeding the substrate from the holding means to the reactor means for reaction with the culture to produce the reaction product mixture, (d) extraction means for contacting the reaction product mixture with an extraction solvent to form a solution of the solvent with the product mixture, (e) means for vaporizing the extraction solvent while substantially avoiding the vaporization of the product mixture, and (f) means for condensing the vaporized extraction solvent for reuse.

Continuous process for producing n-butanol employing anaerobic

There is disclosed, in one aspect, a continuous process for producing n-butanol. This process comprises (a) continuously contacting at least one carbohydrate-containing substrate, such as blackstrap molasses, with an n-butanol producing culture, such as Clostridium acetobutylicum (Weizmann), in water to effect the fermentation of the substrate and form a product mixture comprising n-butanol, (b) continuously extracting the product mixture from the substrate, culture, and water by forming a solution of the product mixture with an extraction solvent, such as monofluorotrichloromethane, (c) continuously separating the extraction solvent from the product mixture by vaporizing substantially all of the solvent without substantial vaporization of the product mixture, and (d) continuously condensing the vaporized solvent for reuse as an extraction solvent in step b. In another aspect, there is disclosed an apparatus for conducting such a process.

Continuous process for producing N-butanol employing anaerobic

Certain fluorocarbon liquid materials are particularly effective solvents for the removal of lower alcohols from aqueous solutions, an extraction process. The fluorocarbons have low heats of vaporization. The specific fluorocarbons recited have boiling points near room temperature which permits the separation of alcohols from the aqueous solutions with much lower energy requirements than required by distillation. The solvent systems are intended for use in fermentation separations such as those recited in my co-pending application Ser. No. 06/076 250 and similar anaerobic and aerobic fermentations to produce alcohols and related fermentation products.

Solvent extraction of alcohols from water solutions with fluorocarbon

A solar energy collection and utilization storage system is constructed by using a lenticulated transparent element closed at the back to form channels which are used to carry an energy storage fluid. The lenticulations are designed as light trapping surfaces so that virtually all of the energy from the sun at any time of day falling on the sheet is trapped by the lenticulations and transferred to an energy storage fluid which is in the passages formed by the lenticulations and the back cover panel. The rate of flow through the solar collector panel is controlled by a thermostatic valve element which opens the flow when the fluid reaches a predetermined temperature. The energy storage fluid is a dispersion of a crystalline polymer in a heat transfer fluid which has the capacity of storing heat by a latent heat of crystallization as well as by sensible heat. By use of a suitable polymer the energy storage fluid can store energy at a high enough temperature to produce a significant amount of shaft power utilizing a heat engine. The remainder of the system comprises a storage container, suitable fluid connecting lines, a heat exchanger to extract sensible heat, and means to circulate the fluid through the system. The combination of the flat panel collector and the efficient energy storage fluid combine to make an effective collector system which can be employed to drive a heat pump for heating and cooling or to generate electric power.

Solar energy collection system and apparatus for same utilizing latent

A micro-capsular material for use as a photographic reproducing medium includes a plurality of micro-capsules distributed over a given surface. Each of the capsules is formed with a mantle of light transmissive material. The mantles may be clear or colored and are advantageously transparent. The contents of each of the capsules includes a photoconductive material as well as a color progenitor or precursor material. Simultaneous exposure of the capsular material to light and high frequency electrical energy causes rupture of the capsule mantles and release of the capsular contents. When an image is focused by a lens onto the surface, selected ones of said capsules are ruptured to thereby result in a reproduction of the image. Dispersing micro-capsules having different color progenitor materials makes possible color photography when means are provided for selectively directing only those component of colored light onto the micro-capsules having corresponding color progenitor materials. In this manner, only the desired micro-capsules are ruptured which include color progenitor materials corresponding to the light components impinging thereon.

Photography utilizing micro-capsular materials

A dispenser device which has the contents under pressure so that they can be dispensed by actuating a valve similar to an aerosol unit. The contents are maintained under pressure by using a movable piston element driven by external air pressure against the contents which are contained in an enclosure within an evacuated vessel. The dispenser can be filled and sealed at atmospheric pressure and normal temperature and activated by evacuating the unit.

Vacuum actuated pressurized fluid dispenser

A magnetizable layer is initially magnetized and selected portions thereof are demagnetized by an optical imaging system. In one embodiment, an image to be reproduced is projected through a transparent electrically conductive electrode which is brought into contact with a photoconductive matrix through which is dispersed magnetizable particles. Changes in resistivity of the photoconductive matrix causes a current density distribution, which corresponds to the image intensity distribution, to flow transversely from the transparent electrode through the photoconductive matrix to a support electrode on which the matrix is fixed when a potential is applied between the transparent and support electrodes. The current distribution results in corresponding magnetic fields which modify or 'erase' selected portions of the initially magnetized layer. In another embodiment, the photoconductive layer is adjacent to the magnetic layer and is disposed between two spaced electrodes arranged in a plane substantially parallel to the magnetic layer. In each case, subsequent to selected erasure, magnetic ink is applied to the remaining magnetized portions for subsequent transfer to a desired surface.

Magnetic imaging for photocopying

An imaging system is provided whereby graphic information from a source is magnetically recorded on a receiving surface. The imaging system comprises an arrangement for shaping a magnetic field to substantially linear configuration. A photo-responsive element is provided for varying the intensity of the magnetic field along the line in accordance with information contained in a corresponding line of the source of the original graphic information. An intermediary receiving surface is provided to receive the magnetic information and construct a magnetic image thereon. A toner supply is also provided in magnetically attractable relationship to the intermediary receiving surface for causing transfer of toner material from the supply to the intermediary receiving surface in a quantity corresponding to the variations of the magnetic field intensity on the intermediary receiving surface. Elements are also provided to transfer the toner image to a writing or final receiving surface where it is fixed to provide a graphic record of the original source material.

Method and apparatus for recording graphic information magnetically

Apparatus for forming a composite tape having a foraminous fiberglass core includes the step of treating a continuous strip of foraminous material with adhesion promoting and stiffening material. The treated strip is preheated to a temperature approximately equal to the extruding temperature of two ribbons of flexible vinyl thermoplastic material which are simultaneously formed in a subsequent step and coated under pressure on each side of the heated fiberglass core material through a suitably dimensioned die opening. Application of pressure forces at least portions of the extruded two ribbons into the interstices of the foraminous core material to cause the opposing ribbons to fuse to each other by penetrating and filling the interstices to form a unitary mass and to provide a textured surface or 'intaglio' effect which has an appearance which is dimensionally related to the surface finish of the core material.

Apparatus for forming a composite tape

An imaging system is provided whereby graphic information from a source is magnetically recorded on a receiving surface. The imaging system comprises shaping a magnetic field to substantially linear configuration and varying the intensity of the magnetic field along said line in accordance with information contained in a corresponding line of the source of the original graphic information. Toner material is disposed in magnetically attractable relation to the magnetic field for causing transfer of toner material to a receiving surface in a quantity corresponding to the variations of the magnetic field intensity along the line so that a record thereof is made upon a receiving surface interposed between the magnetic field and the toner supply.

Method and apparatus for magnetically recording graphic information

Magnetic imaging method for photocopying

A thermoelectric display device is described which includes a thermoelectric element having a surface which exhibits a reversible temperature which is a function of the magnitude and direction of a current passing through the element. The thermoelectric element includes two dissimilar conductors joined in overlapping relation over a predetermined area to form a junction. The junction is advantageously formed by overlapping a p-type semi-conductive layer and an n-type semi-conductive layer, which may or may not be separated in the region of overlap by an electrically conductive layer of material. A cholesteric crystal material is disposed on the surface of the thermoelectric element in the region of the junction thereof in thermally conductive relation therewith, the liquid crystal material being variable between different optical states as a function of the temperature to which the same is exposed. In this manner, the optical state which the display device exhibits is a function of the direction and magnitude of a current passing through the junction of the thermoelectric element and the resulting temperature which manifests itself at the thermoelectric element surface.

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Oaklyn, NJ, United States of America

Sidney Levy