USA As Represented by Secretary of the Navy

Saadi Zain

Manfred Kahn

Carl C Wu

An actuator including a unitary ceramic element capable of bending in resse to an applied voltage. The ceramic has a first region of lower resistivity in contact with a second region of higher resistivity. There is no seam where said regions contact each other. The first region contains an additive in an amount needed to reduce resistivity thereof relative to said second region. The second region is devoid of additive or contains a different additive that raises resistivity thereof or contains the same additive in a different amount than in the first region.

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Saadi Zain