Lockheed Martin Corporation

Ryan C Stafford

James W Stafford

Bryan Joseph Norton

Jonathon D Wells

The present invention provides an apparatus that includes an infrared (IR) light source having two or more wavelengths (e.g., a relatively broad wavelength-profile light source and/or a light source with a plurality of relatively narrowband wavelengths), wherein the different wavelengths have different tissue-penetration depths. The IR light provides optical stimulation of nerves to generate nerve-action potentials (NAPs) in one or more individual nerve cells, and/or compound nerve-action potentials (CNAPs) in a nerve bundle. In some embodiments, the stimulation of NAPs and CNAPs is used to restore hearing. In some embodiments, the broad wavelength profile extends the physical volume of tissue that is stimulated, thus homogenizing the spatial light-absorption profile of the stimulation light used, e.g., for optical triggering of NAPs and CNAPs in the cochlea.

Broad wavelength profile to homogenize the absorption profile in optical stimulation of nerves

Method and apparatus for optically stimulating neurons of a plurality of auditory nerve pathways of a person to provide auditory sensations for the person including generating a plurality of pulsed light signals having one or more successive pulses; delivering the plurality of pulsed light signals to one or more auditory nerve pathways of the cochlea of the person; selectively controlling the plurality of light signals to optically stimulate and trigger nerve action potentials (NAPs) in the one or more auditory nerve pathways, wherein the selectively controlling includes empirically testing the delivering of the plurality of light signals and determining which optical-stimulation parameters used during the testing are most effective for optically stimulating the auditory nerve pathways of the person, and using results of the testing such that the delivering includes delivering the plurality of light signals with the optical-stimulation parameters that were determined to be most effective for optically stimulating.

Individually optimized performance of optically stimulating cochlear implants

Method and apparatus for optically stimulating neurons of a plurality of auditory nerve pathways of a person to provide auditory sensations for the person including generating a plurality of pulsed light signals having one or more successive pulses; delivering the plurality of pulsed light signals to one or more auditory nerve pathways of the cochlea of the person; selectively controlling the plurality of light signals to optically stimulate and trigger nerve action potentials (NAPs) in the one or more auditory nerve pathways. In some embodiments, the stimulation rate (i.e., pulse-repetition rate) is optimized for the patient based on comfort levels, speech-recognition scores, and temperature feedback from monitors in the cochlea. In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention find practical lower and upper limits to the rate of stimulation to increase the speech-recognition scores while implementing safety limits to preventing overheating.

Optimized stimulation rate of an optically stimulating cochlear implant

Method and apparatus for optically stimulating neurons of a plurality of auditory nerve pathways of a person to provide auditory sensations for the person including generating a plurality of pulsed light signals having one or more successive pulses; delivering the plurality of pulsed light signals to one or more auditory nerve pathways of the cochlea of the person; selectively controlling the plurality of light signals to optically stimulate and trigger nerve action potentials (NAPs) in the one or more auditory nerve pathways. In some embodiments of the present invention, pulse-repetition rate and peak pulse power are held constant, while pulse width is modulated to evoke a sufficient dynamic range of NAPs (i.e., different NAP strengths), thus encoding sound-loudness information for the listener.

Optical pulse-width modulation used in an optical-stimulation cochlear implant

Method and apparatus for optically stimulating neurons of a plurality of auditory nerve pathways of a person to provide auditory sensations for the person by generating a plurality of pulsed light signals having one or more successive pulses. The spectrum of a detected audio signal is divided into M channels. In some embodiments, an N-of-M coding strategy is employed, where, for any given time frame, only N of the M channels are selected and illuminated to stimulate the auditory nerves. In some embodiments, the M channels are organized into bins, where, for any given time frame, only a maximum number of channels are illuminated per bin. This limits the number of illuminated channels-per-length of cochlea and therefore prevents localized heating of the cochlea and reduces power consumption of the device.

Cochlear implant using optical stimulation with encoded information designed to limit heating effects

Method and apparatus for optically and electrically stimulating neurons of auditory nerve pathways of a person to provide auditory sensations for the person including generating a plurality of pulsed light signals having one or more successive pulses, delivering the plurality of pulsed light signals to one or more auditory nerve pathways of the cochlea of the person and selectively controlling the plurality of light signals to optically stimulate and trigger nerve action potentials (NAPs) in the one or more auditory nerve pathways. In some embodiments, the present invention also includes one or more electrical stimulation electrodes used to stimulate the low frequency portions of the auditory nerves.

Optical-stimulation cochlear implant with electrode(s) at the apical end for electrical stimulation of apical spiral ganglion cells of the cochlea

Method and apparatus in which optical sources deliver light to small specific areas of the cochlea for purposes of stimulation, which brings the advantage of increased spectral fidelity because the stimulation illumination can be more specifically placed than electrical-stimulation signals. In some embodiments, a plurality of light sources or light delivery devices are placed at finely-spaced locations along the cochlea but only a fraction of them are used within any short period of time due to the limitation of power delivery to the optical emitters and a restriction on heat within the cochlea due to the absorption of the optical stimulation signals. The ability to choose which optical sources are used at any given time frame provides the ability to choose the sources that illuminate and thus stimulate the particular small areas of the cochlea that generate nerve signals perceived as the semitone frequencies found in Western music.

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Monroe, WA, United States of America

Ryan C Stafford