The B. F. Goodrich Company

Cabot Microelectronics Corporation

Ronald E Myers

Abaneshwar Prasad

Jui-Kun Lee

Ephraim Buhks

The invention provides a method for producing a conductive film that generates an electric current via field emission of electrons, which method comprises incorporating an electrically conductive material into a thermoplastic polymer. The invention also provides a conductive film and a method for generating an electric current via field emission of electrons.

Method of preparing a conductive film

The invention provides a method of polishing a substrate comprising a lanthanide-containing metal oxide material. The method comprises the steps of (i) providing a polishing system comprising (a) an abrasive, a polishing pad, or a combination thereof, (b) an acid, and (c) a liquid carrier, (ii) providing a substrate comprising a metal oxide layer, wherein the metal oxide layer comprises at least one lanthanide series element, and (iii) abrading at least a portion of the metal oxide layer with the polishing system to polish the substrate. The lanthanide-containing metal oxide material can be a lanthanide oxide, a doped lanthanide oxide, a lanthanide-doped metal oxide, a lanthanide perovskite, or any other suitable lanthanide-containing mixed metal oxide material, in particular those used as solid electrode and solid electrolyte materials in gas sensor and fuel cell devices.

Method of polishing a lanthanide substrate

A process is provided for forming an electrically conductive polymer of a pyrrole monomer, optionally substituted at the 3- and 4- positions. The process comprises dispersing a polymerization initiator selected from the group consisting of anhydrous halides of iron, cobalt or nickel (Group VIII metal) in an anhydrous liquid reaction medium and, adding essentially pure pyrrole monomer, or a solution of the monomer in the liquid at a temperature in the range from about -20.degree. C. to below about the boiling point of the solution. The pyrrole polymer so formed is a Group VIII metal halide counterion, and a conductor having a conductivity in the range from about 1 to about 150 ohm.sup.-1 cm.sup.-1 ('S/cm' for brevity), or a semiconductor having a conductivity in the range from about 10.sup.-3 to about 1 S/cm, depending upon the particular structure of the monomer, the ratio of the initiator to pyrrole monomer, and the molecular weight of the polymer formed. Ratios greater than 4 generally yield conductors, while ratios in the range from about 0.25 to 4 yield semiconductors. Conductive polypyrrole having only a chloride or bromide counterion is formed in acetonitrile. The chemical process of this invention may be used to form the pyrrole polymer on a substrate such as paper by soaking it in liquid pyrrole, then dipping the pyrrole-impregnated paper into a solution of anhydrous ferric chloride in diethyl ether.

Electrically conductive pyrrole polymers

Novel polysiloxane-silazane preceramic polymer compositions are prepared by the controlled hydrolysis polymerization of a trimer or tetramer of a monomer of the structure ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are independently alkyl groups containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms R.sup.a, R.sup.b, R.sup.c, and R.sup.d are independently alkenyl or alkyl groups containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms with the proviso that at least one of R.sup.a, R.sup.b, R.sup.c, or R.sup.d group is an alkenyl group. Another useful composition is made by reacting the above mentioned monomers with alkoxide or aryloxide compounds of the elements Al, B, Zr, Ti, Si, Hf, and Y in the presence of water to make polysilazoxane polymers modified with said alkoxides or aryloxide compounds. Another useful composition is made by reacting the polysiloxane-silazane polymer with vinyl or allyl substituted compounds of boron or silicon or both. These modified polysiloxane-silazane polymers have increased char yields and can develop other refractory phases due to the presence of other metals. Another useful composition is made by reacting substituted phenols or compounds containing substituted phenols with the above mentioned monomers. All of the above mentioned reaction products are useful as high temperature resins, fibers, etc., and as preceramic polymers to be made into ceramics by high temperature.

High char yield silazane derived preceramic polymers and cured

Novel polysiloxane-silazane preceramic polymer compositions are prepared by the controlled hydrolysis polymerization of a trimer or tetramer of a monomer of the structure ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are independently alkyl groups containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R.sup.a, R.sup.b, R.sup.c, and R.sup.d are independently alkenyl or alkyl groups containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms with the proviso that at least one of R.sup.a, R.sup.b, R.sup.c, or R.sup.d group is an alkenyl group. The polysiloxane-silazane polymers are cured by heat and optionally free radical initiators such as various peroxides. The cured preceramic polymers so formed can be u sed in the pyrolyzed or non-pyrolyzed state as adhesives, coatings, binders, fibers, matrix resins, and the like.

The hydrolytic polycondensation of a monomer of ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are independently alkyl groups containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R.sup.a, R.sup.b, R.sup.c, and R.sup.d are independently alkenyl or alkyl groups containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms with the proviso that at least one of R.sup.a, R.sup.b, R.sup.c, or R.sup.d group is an alkenyl group; can be carried out directly in the presence of a phenolic resin. This in situ polymerization reaction results in the formation of a new family of polysilazoxane-modified phenolic resins. Modified phenolic resins may also be prepared by the controlled hydrolysis of the above monomers in the presence of initiators. The polysilazoxane so formed is blended into a phenolic resin. The organic soluble thermosetting resins exhibit synergistic char yields of 63 to 80 wt. % (1500.degree. C./N.sub.2).

High char yield silazane-modified phenolic resins

A conductive composite is formed which consists of a host polymer and polypyrrole ('PP') deposited on and within the host polymer. Instead of using a conductor as a starting substrate, an insulating polymer is at least partially impregnated with sufficient pyrrole (PY) monomer to become conductive after the PY is polymerized. The polymerization is a chemical oxidative polymerization ('dip-polymerization') which, if carried out under anhydrous conditions, transforms the insulating polymer into a semiconductive composite consisting essentially of the host polymer containing a first species of conductive PP and a Group VIII metal halide counterion; thereafter, the semiconductive composite, containing the counterion, is used to electrodeposit on it a second species of conductive PP. The composite with the two species of PP and anions is used for EMI shielding, and in a host of applications where a lightweight organic resistance heating element is desired, for example in de-icers for the wings of an airplane, to melt snow on roof-tops and in gutters, and to warm a frigid seat in a vehicle.

Electrodeless heterogeneous polypyrrole composite

A chemical process is provided for forming an electrically conductive polymer blend in which polypyrrole is a minor component. The polypyrrole is formed from a pyrrole monomer, optionally substituted at the 3- and 4-positions. The process comprises forming a solution of a matrix polymer in an anhydrous liquid reaction medium, and, in situ, contacting pyrrole monomer with a polymerization initiator selected from the group consisting of anhydrous halides of iron, cobalt or nickel (Group VIII metal) at a temperature in the range from about -20.degree. C. to below about the boiling point of the solution, so as to form the polypyrrole in situ. The polypyrrole so formed contains a Group VIII metal halide counterion dispersed within the matrix polymer so as to produce a conductive polyblend having a conductivity in the range from about 1 to about 150 ohm.sup.-1 cm.sup.-1 ('S/cm' for brevity), or a semiconductor having a conductivity in the range from about 10.sup.-3 to abut 1 S/cm, depending upon the particular structures of the matrix polymer and the pyrrole monomer, the ratio of the initiator to pyrrole monomer, the order of addition of pyrrole monomer and initiator, and the molecular weight of the polypyrrole formed. The matrix polymer may be substituted with a polyblend which may contain two or more miscible or partially miscible polymers. The conductive polyblend formed retains such thermoformability of the matrix polymer as it had before it was made conductive by the in situ polymerization of the pyrrole monomer.

Electrically conductive polymer blend

A polymeric flame retardant composition comprises low melting temperature phosphate-sulfate glass compositions in an amount of from about 10 to about 100 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of said polymer. Desirably, the polymer is a halogen-containing polymer. The phosphate-sulfate combination has been found to produce synergistic results.

Low melting phosphate-sulfate glasses as intumescent flame and/or smoke

A reaction product of a phosphazene and an amine terminated reactive liquid polymer. The phosphazene and the reactive liquid polymer are combined under agitation to produce a cured, cross-linked, reactive liquid polymer including bonded phosphazene groups providing a desirable elastomeric performance over a broad range of temperatures including temperatures substantially below freezing.

Phosphazene modified amine terminated polymers and method

A polymeric reaction product between a carboxyl terminated reactive liquid polymer, a phosphazene, and a diamine in the presence of a scavenger for bi-products of the reaction, the scavenger preferably being a tertiary amine. The reaction product exhibits hyodrophilic properties.

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Strongsville, OH, United States of America

Ronald E Myers