United Sciences, LLC

Teledyne Technologies Incorporated

Radiation Monitoring Devices, Inc.

Richard Myers

John E Traina

Edward A Smierciak

Richard C Farrell

Edward L McCall

Kofi Vanderpuye

Mickel McClish

Gerald F McGowan

Joseph F Lebarty

George Gaffron

Multitool

Solid state avalanche photodiode devices and methods of producing the same are described herein.

Avalanche photodiode and methods of forming the same

An apparatus for measuring an optical property of a fluid. The apparatus may comprise a light source for projecting a beam of optical energy through the fluid and a reflector positioned opposite the fluid from the light source. The apparatus may also comprise receiver optics defining a receiver aperture. The reflector may be selected to under-fill the receiver aperture by a factor of at least 2.5. According to various embodiments, the apparatus may also comprise a reflector purge nozzle positioned at least partially between the reflector and the fluid. In addition to, or instead of the under-fill factor described above, the reflector may be selected to have a diameter less than a diameter of the reflector purge nozzle by a factor of at least 6.

Optical instrument

A device for measuring near forward scatter caused by particulate matter in a fluid is disclosed. The device comprises, according to various embodiments, a transceiver and a reflector. The transceiver includes a light source and a detector. The reflector is positioned opposite the transceiver so that at least a portion of the fluid is present between the transceiver and the reflector. The reflector includes a front portion facing the transceiver. Optical energy from the light source incident upon the reflector is reflected towards the transceiver as a return beam of optical energy, wherein the detector senses primarily optical energy of the return beam that is scattered over a range of near forward angles by particulate matter in the fluid.

Measuring particulate matter in a fluid

In a method for monitoring particulates in stacks or ducts a back-scatter monitor uses a solid-state laser to emit a collimated beam, the intensity of which is controlled via feedback from a reference detector. The beam is split so that part goes to a reference surface for calibration checks, and part is directed to pass at a selected angle through a gaseous sample. Optical energy scattered from particles in the sample is detected by viewing optics to provide an indication of particulate concentration. The beam steering mechanism can direct the optics to view scattering along a selectable axis that intersects the laser beam at a specified location within the gaseous sample. The method can be used to determine the opacity of the gaseous sample providing a basis for correlation to particulate loading of that portion of the particulates that are of a size comparable to the wavelength of light.

Method and apparatus for monitoring particulates using back-scattered

An improved method of monitoring particulates in stacks or ducts utilizes transmissometer/particulate monitor of the type which has an optical assembly containing a solid state light source of visible light such as a light-emitting diode or a solid-state laser. The light source emits a collimated beam that is split, part of which is focused onto a reference detector that monitors the intensity of the light source, while the other part is directed to a beam-steering apparatus that causes the beam to accurately pass through a gaseous sample to a desired location such as a retro-reflector. A position-sensing detector is used in a closed-loop manner to control the beam-steering apparatus. The ratio of the total energy of the detected light beam, relative to the reference detector output, is used to determine the opacity of the gaseous sample for the purpose of providing a basis for correlation to particulate loading of that portion of the particulates that are of a size comparable to the wavelength of light. The correlation to particulate loading is enhanced by a feature of the invention which measures the angular distribution of forward-scattered light to provide information as to the particle size distribution of the particulates. In addition, by steering the beam such that the intensity of scattered light at a preferred scattering angle of 2 to 3 degrees is measured, a measurement may be made that provides a signal that is proportional to the total concentration of particulates independent of the size distribution.

Method for monitoring particulates using beam-steered solid-state light

An improved transmissometer/particulate monitor of the type which has an optical assembly containing a solid state light source preferably a solid-state laser. The light source emits a collimated beam that is split, part of which is focused onto a reference detector that monitors the intensity of the light source, while the other part is directed to a beam-steering apparatus that causes the beam to accurately pass through a gaseous sample to a desired location such as a retro-reflector. A position-sensing detector is used in a closed-loop manner to control the beam-steering apparatus. The ratio of the total energy of the detected light beam, relative to the reference detector output, is used to determine the opacity of the gaseous sample or to provide a basis for correlation to particulate loading of the sample or both. The correlation to particulate loading is enhanced by a feature of the invention which measures the angular distribution of forward-scattered light to provide information as to the particle size distribution of the particulates.

Opacity and forward scattering monitor using beam-steered solid-state

A gas sampling system utilizes small sample vacuum transport to reduce the dew point of the sample. A vacuum pump maintains a substantial vacuum on the sampling system causing a sample, drawn at a rate less than a liter per minute, to be drawn and transported under partial vacuum for analysis. A dryer can be placed near the sampling probe to further reduce the dew point prior to the vacuum transport. The dew point of the sample is affected by both the dryer and the degree of vacuum transporting the gas mixture. As such, the dew point can be varied indefinitely by any reasonable combination of moisture removal by the dryer and vacuum pump strength.

Vacuum extraction sampling system

A method and apparatus for dynamic calibration of monitoring equipment of the type which uses a Type-S pitot tube connected to at least one transducer utilize a calibration air conduit having a distal end positioned opposite one opening of the Type-S pitot tube and a proximate end. A blower connected to the proximate end of the calibration air conduit blows air past the standard pitot tube and at least one opening of the type S pitot tube. A standard pitot tube placed in the calibration air conduit. Differential pressure readings are taken. There is a relationship between the differential pressure reading of the standard pitot tube and the differential pressure reading of the Type-S pitot tube which does not change unless the monitoring equipment of which the Type-S is a part leaks, is plugged or is otherwise operating improperly.

Method and apparatus for dynamic calibration of a flow monitor

A improved Type S or reverse type pitot tube has two conduit legs which are mirror images of one another. Each conduit leg has an input portion having a pressure port therein, a support portion and a connecting portion connected between the input portion and the support portion. The support portion and the connecting portion lie in one plane which plane is substantially perpendicular to a centerline through the input portions. The conduit legs are shaped and oriented relative to one another so that the pressure ports of the input portions of the first and second conduits are collinear and when placed in a conduit, the pitot tube will be symmetrical in a yaw plane and both symmetrical and non-interfering in a pitch plane. The first and second conduits are spaced apart over at least a portion of their length to define an opening adjacent the input portions which opening is at least 3 times wider and deeper than the input portions. With this pitot tube the errors in flow measurement which result from the pitch angle flow are negligible in most cases and never result in a low biased reading.

Enhanced Type S pitot tube with reduced and symmetric response to pitch

An improved probe useful for measuring emissions of stack gases is equipped with a means for measuring moisture content and molecular weight of stack gases. A water feed tube is provided through the distal end of the probe and is fed water via a water feed line. An electrical temperature measuring device and water soaker device having spaced apart soaker feed holes is provided near the distal end of the water feed tube while a dry tubing encases the water feed tube below the temperature measuring device. A soaker wick encases part of the water feed tube and covers all of the temperature measuring device. Finally, an internal seal is provided between the dry tubing and the temperature measuring device to prevent thermally conductive heat from reaching the temperature measuring device. This structure enables the probe to make wet bulb-dry bulb measurements of stack gases.

Automated flow measuring device including wet and dry bulb moisture

A gas sampling system utilizing a pair of parallel sonic orifices. One of the orifices is connected to a source of filtered, heated samples. The second, larger orifice is connected to a source of dilution gas. A vacuum pump maintains a substantial vacuum behind the orifices, thus assuring critical flow therethrough. The sample and diffusion gas are mixed behind the orifices and transported under partial vacuum for analysis. The dew point of the sample is affected by both the ratio of the diameter of orifices and the degree of vacuum transporting the gas mixture. As such, the dew point can be varied indefinitely by any reasonable combination of orifice ratio and vacuum pump strength.

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Gibsonia, PA, United States of America

Richard Myers