The Lummus Company

Raymond H Long

Morgan C Sze

Harvey D Schindler

George J Snell

William V Bauer

In a two-stage liquefaction, hydrogenated 850.degree. F.+ residuum from the second stage is used in formulating the first stage liquefaction solvent.

Coal liquefaction and hydrogenation

Solids are separated from a tar sands extract by gravity settling or centrifugation in the presence of a liquid promoter which promotes and enhances the separation of the solid material. The liquid promoter has a characterization factor of at least 9.75, a 5 volume percent distillation temperature of at least 250.degree. F and a 95 volume percent distillation temperature of at least 350.degree. F and no greater than 750.degree. F. As a result, liquid product is obtained without the necessity of preliminary coking of the entire extract.

Separation of solids from tar sands extract

Iron oxide pellets, containing integral carbon and a desulfurizing additive, are heated up to a final reduction temperature of 1800.degree. - 2500.degree. F, with the heating over the range from 1500.degree. F to the final reduction temperature being controlled depending on the amount of integral carbon in the pellets. The pellets are reduced, with the pellets being steamed prior to the reduction or during the reduction. Pellets having a sulfur content of less than 0.03 weight percent are produced.

Desulfurization of iron oxide pellets

Coke is desulfurized by calcining coke at a temperature of 1600.degree. - 2200.degree. F. in admixture with sodium carbonate, followed by direct contact with phosgene or a mixture of carbon monoxide and chlorine at a temperature of 1200.degree. - 1800.degree. F. to produce coke having sulfur contents of less than 0.5 percent.

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Morristown, NJ, United States of America

Raymond H Long