L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des

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Pierre Karinthi

Michel Gastiger

Alain Villermet

Gerard Bentz

Daniel Guerin

Antoine Willemot

Jean Galey

Ghislain Gilbert

Serge Devalois

Paul Guillaume

Marc Buffenoir

Frederic Bernard

Pierre Didier

Valerie Borg

Jean Tuccella

Colette Regnier

Maurice Gardent

Eric L Duchateau

Philippe Queille

Eric Streicher

Pierre Claverie

Jacques Nicolas

Dan Ericsson

Bernard Jamonet

Michel Dauvergne

Benoit Hirschauer

Dominique Belot

A gas generator for air bags having a container holding a combustible gas mixture and fitted with a closure which opens into a combustion chamber fitted with a gas outlet in which the gas mixture is ignited by an ignition device. To provide a fast-reacting ignition device and generate a controllable flow of pressurized gas at a relatively low temperature, the container is mainly filled with a pressurized inert gas and contains 0.1 to 2.0% vol. of a hydrocarbon and 0.5 to 10% vol. of a gaseous oxidizing agent. On being actuated, the ignition device opens the container closure, ignites the gas mixture flowing into the combustion chamber and maintains combustion by the continuous supply of energy.

Gas generator

In a combustion process permitting reducing the production NO.sub.x, there is ejected via a burner (1) at least one flow of combustible gas, at least one flow of an oxygenated gas supporting combustion and at least one flow (10) of one of these gases in liquid phase. In an oxyburner, one portion (between 13 and 35%) of the oxygen is injected in liquid phase. In an aeroburner for natural gas, one portion (10 to 30%) of this latter is ejected in a coherent liquid jet. Use particularly in glass furnaces and heaters.

Combustion process

A solution of hydride in liquid nitrogen, the hydride being one that is in gaseous phase at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. The concentration of hydride in the liquid nitrogen is comprised between 0.05 and 10 mol %, preferably between 0.05 and 2 mol %, and more preferably between 0.1 and 0.3 mol %. The hydride is selected from the group consisting of arsine, germane, phosphine (PH.sub.3), diborane and silane (SiH.sub.4) and is preferably silane. Atmospheres prepared from these solutions are useful in the thermal treatment of metals, or for surface treatment, particularly of polymeric or metallic surfaces.

Dilute solution of a hydride in liquid nitrogen

Method and apparatus for injecting liquid oxygen

The invention relates to a process for producing disilane from monosilane, according to which gaseous monosilane is passed into a reaction zone where it is subject to an electric discharge generated by a high-frequency current.

Process for preparing disilane from monosilane by electric discharge and

A process for producing disilane from monosilane comprising introducing monosilane into a reaction zone in which the monosilane is subjected to an electric discharge generated by a high frequency current. The monosilane is mixed with at least one inert gas selected from the group consisting of helium and argon. The pressure of the gaseous mixture in the reaction zone is between 0.1 and 3 bar, and the gaseous mixture is contacted in the reaction zone under electric discharge with a wall cooled to a temperature which is sufficiently low for the saturation vapor pressure of the disilane to be negligible, but not low enough for the monosilane to condense at the working partial pressure. Apparatus for conducting this process is provided.

The network comprises cells each constituted by a first channel (4, 4') of a material having selectively a superconductive state and a resistive state, refrigeration apparatus to maintain the first channel at a temperature below that which ensures superconductivity of the material below a critical current intensity in the channel, an electrical supply for the channel, and a second channel (5) branched in parallel to the first and having an electrical resistance (R). According to the invention, the two cells are coupled by at least one interconnection channel (8, 9, 10, 11; 8', 9', 10', 11') with unidirectional electrical conduction, extending from the input of one cell to the input of the other cell to input current into this latter or to derive it, a voltage control regulating the intensity of the current flowing from one cell toward the other in the interconnection channel.

Analogic neuronal network

Substantially all residual oxidizing gas in a treating atmosphere which is inert or reducing, is eliminated by injecting into the atmosphere a gaseous silicon hydride at a temperature between 50 and 1,600.degree. C. and in amount such that the ratio R of the content of hydride to the content of oxidizing gas to be eliminated is within the range of 1.5 to 20. The rapid action of the trace amounts of hydride injected enables one to control with precision heat treatment processes by maintaining the residual oxidizing gas contents below predetermined very low thresholds.

Processes for the production of a controlled atmosphere for heat

Process of restructuring a group of finely divided particles, of granulometries lower than 100 microns, wherein the particles to be restructured are placed in a bath of cryogenic liquid which is inert with respect to the particles, the operation of restructuring is allowed to proceed after which the cryogenic liquid is withdrawn for example by evaporation. Applications to the production of metallic alloys, special polymers, paints, inks, carbon black, special ceramics and pharmaceutical or food products.

Process of restructuring a group of finely divided particles

The injection of liquid nitrogen into the probe (2) is regulated in an on-off manner so as to maintain the temperature of the ground at the coldest point above a value within the range of between -140.degree. C. and -160.degree. C. so as to cause calefaction of the liquid nitrogen. The liquid nitrogen is alternately injected into the central passage (9) and into the annular passage (11) of the probe, these passages being thermally insulated from each other.

Process and installation for the congelation of grounds by means of a

A refrigerant liquid flows through congelation probes (S1, S2, . . . ). The temperature of the liquid supplied to each probe is regulated as a function of the rate of congelation of the ground around the various probes and/or is progressively increased as the congelation progresses.

Ground congelation process and installation

This invention relates to methods of and apparatus for treating waste products. The apparatus comprises a furnace 1 and a recuperator 2, the furnace comprising at least one rotary section 4 for combustion and/or pyrolysis of the waste products and a stationary section 3 for guiding the smokes generated in the furnace between said rotary section 4 and the recuperator 2. This latter comprises an arrangement 11 -12 for causing the smokes to flow in a state of heat exchange with a fluid 14 for exploitation of the heat thus recovered. A heat-carrier fluid circuit is also incorporated between the walls delimiting the said stationary section 3 and/or the said rotary section 4 of the furnace and the recuperator 2, in such manner that the heat-carrier fluid may transfer the heat it had absorbed during its passage within the furnace walls to the exploitation fluid in the recuperator.

Methods of and apparatus for treating waste products

A method and apparatus for the heat treatment of industrial wastes wherein at least some of the constituent materials of the wastes are subjected to combustion and/or to pyrolysis to produce flue gases and, in some applications, a residue. The supply of an oxygenated combustion-supporting gas to the wastes is regulated as a function of at least one sensed predetermined characteristic of the flue gases. The oxygenated gas may be a mixture of air and substantially pure oxygen, the feed rate of one or both of these being regulated in response to the sensed temperature and/or oxygen content of the flue gases. Such regulation maintains the oxygen content of the flue gases within the range of from 0 to 7%; and the temperature of the flue gases may be maintained from 400.degree. to 1200.degree. C. and, preferably within a range of 50.degree. C. in this region.

Method and apparatus for heat treatment of industrial wastes

The cooling of molten metal, such as metal continuously cast into an ingot mold, is retarded by establishing on the upper surface of the metal in the mold, a layer of cryogenic liquid such as nitrogen, helium or argon, with a finely divided material in homogeneous and stable suspension in the liquid. The finely divided material is in the form of particles having a size between 200 and 2,000 A and is present in a quantity between 10 and 1,000 grams per liter of cryogenic liquid. The suspended material may be aluminum, titanium, zirconium, niobium, calcium, lithium, magnesium, solid glass, or an oxide of aluminum, titanium, zirconium, niobium, calcium, lithium or magnesium, and is highly reflective to infrared radiation from the metal so as to reduce the transparency of the cryogenic liquid to this infrared radiation.

Method of retarding the cooling of molten metal

A surface of molten metal is covered with a polyphase mixture of a cryogenic fluid and at least one additional constituent in the form of particles, the particles having a size less than 50 microns and forming a homogeneous and stable suspension in the boiling liquefied gas. The particles may be metal or metal oxide or glass or carbon or vegetable or mineral oil, and serve to reduce radiative heat losses from the metal by reflection and/or to serve as a lubricant of the metal in a mold.

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Jouy en Josas, France

Pierre Karinthi