Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia Muszaki Fizikai Kutato Intezete

General Electric Company

Richter Gedeon Vegyeszeti Gyar Rt

Semilab Felvezeto Fizikai Lab, Rt

Wacker Chemie Ag

Peter Horvath

Agoston Boroczki

Zoltan Tuba

Christof Brehm

Gyorgy Ferenczi

Janos Boda

Ferenc Toth

Tamas Mester

Anna Inczedy

Tibor Pavelka

Janos Szeles

Jozsef Kiss

Laszlo Benkovics

Laszlo Dozsa

Zoltan Mirk

Arpad Trompler

Krisztina Lancos

Katalin Ferenczi

Sandor Sebok

A ceramic metal halide lamp according to various embodiments can include a discharge vessel and an ionizable fill. The ionizable fill is sealed within the discharge vessel. The ionizable fill includes an oxygen dispenser to introduce oxygen in a form of a pellet into the discharge vessel in a controlled manner to facilitate a tungsten halogen wall cleaning cycle. The pellet comprises aluminum-oxide and molybdenum-oxide.

High intensity discharge lamps with dosing aid

The invention relates to a new process for the synthesis of 17&bgr;-hydroxy-17&agr;-methyl-2-oxa-5&agr;-androstane-3-one of formula (I). The process according to the invention is as follows: the 17&bgr;-hydroxy-17&agr;-ethyl-1,3-seco-2-nor-5&agr;-androstane-1,3-diacid of formula (III) is transformed into the ring-closed 17&bgr;-hydroxy-17&agr;-methyl-1,3-seco-2-nor-5&agr;-androstane-1,3-diacid anhydride of formula (II) in an inert solvent or without solvent with a C -C alkan acid anhydride or a substituted carbodiimide of formula R &mdash;N&boxH;C&boxH;N&mdash;R &mdash; wherein R and R independently are C -C alkyl group, C -C alkyl group substituted by tertiary or quaternary amino group or 1-3 phenyl group, C -C cycloalkyl group, aryl group substituted by 1-3 methoxy, tertiary amino, nitro, C -C alkyl group or 1-3 halogen atom&mdash;and the obtained compound of formula (II) is reduced regioselectively by a complex alkali metal hydride in an inert solvent The new 17&bgr;-hydroxy-17&agr;-methyl-1,3-seco-2-nor-5&agr;-androstane-1,3-diacid anhydride of formula (II) is also the subject of the invention.

Process for the synthesis of 17&bgr;-hydroxy-17&agr;-methyl-2-oxa-5&agr;-androstane-3-one

A contactless apparatus for measuring contaminants in a semiconductor specimen (24) includes a tunable microwave generator (26) coupled by a coaxial cable (36) to a tuned narrowband microstrip antenna (38) that defines a through hole (72). The antenna is placed in near field relationship to the specimen to direct microwave energy toward a first specimen surface (44). This proximity provides a substantially more powerful microwave field than prior art systems, and the specimen comprises an impedance termination for the microwave path that includes the microwave generator and antenna, thereby rendering system measurements substantially immune to mechanical vibration of the specimen. A pulsed laser (42) directs optical energy through the antenna through hole toward the first specimen surface (44). The optical energy generates minority carriers within the specimen that begin to recombine upon cessation of each pulse. Minority lifetime decay affects microwave energy reflecting from freed holes and electrons in the specimen, which energy is coupled from the antenna to a detector (46) and preferably a computer system (48) that controls the system and provides signal processing of the detector output.

Method and apparatus for measuring minority carrier lifetime in

A method for determining charged energy states of a sample of a semiconductor or insulator material by using deep level transient spectroscopy. The method includes the steps of exciting the sample by application of periodical exciting pulses to change the initial charge state, detecting the transient response of the sample when it returns to the thermodynamical balance condition following the termination of each of the excitation pulses, blocking the detection during a blocking period defined as the combined existence of the exciting pulses and of a dead period including the recovery period of the means used for the detection, performing a weighted integration operation on a detected response signal by the application of a symmetrical square wave synchronizing pulse as a weighting function synchronized to the frequency of said exciting pulses, blocking the detection in each of said detecting periods for the duration of a further blocking period which begins in a moment defined between the starting moments of the two exciting pulses immediately preceding and following said detecting period and synchronizing the synchronizing pulses to terminating moments of said dead periods to have a period time which is equal to the period time of said periodical exciting pulses. Apparatus for carrying out the method is also disclosed.

Method for determining charged energy states of semiconductor or

A Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) method in which a high frequency measuring signal is applied continuously on a semiconductor junction, and exciting pulses are generated which are coupled through fast semiconductor switching elements to the junction to alternatively bias the junction in reverse and forward (or slightly reverse) directions. The high frequency measuring signal passed through the junction is evaluated by means of a lock-in amplifier phase-locked with a constant phase angle, independent of the repetition rate of the exciting pulses. The evaluation circuits of the apparatus including the lock-in amplifier are controlled by switching elements driven by control signals generated from the exciting pulses.

Method for deep level transient spectroscopy scanning and apparatus for

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Budapest, Hungary

Peter Horvath