D-wave Systems Inc.

1372934 B.c. Ltd

D&#x2022;wave Systems Inc.

Paul I Bunyk

Andrew Joseph Berkley

Geordie Rose

Mark W Johnson

Richard G Harris

Mohammad H S Amin

Miles F H Steininger

Peter Love

David Grant

Alexander Maassen Van Den Brink

Mohammad H Amin

Kelly T R Boothby

Jeremy P Hilton

Trevor Michael Lanting

Felix Maibaum

Christopher B Rich

Eric G Ladizinsky

Byong Hyop Oh

Loren J Swenson

Emile M Hoskinson

Jan Johansson

Andrew Douglas King

Jed D Whittaker

Murray C Thom

Thomas Mahon

Mark H Volkmann

Anatoly Smirnov

Andrew J Berkley

Sergey V Uchaykin

Aidan Patrick Roy

Sheir Yarkoni

Colin C Enderud

James King

Peter D Spear

Douglas P Stadtler

Fabio Altomare

Shuiyuan Huang

Jason J Yao

Nicolas C Ladizinsky

Andrew Brock Wilson

Chunqing Deng

Jan E S Johansson

Edward G Sterpka

Mark Johnson

William G Macready

Richard David Neufeld

Fabian Ariel Chudak

Steven Paul Reinhardt

Robert B Israel

Alexander M Tcaciuc

Jacob Craig Petroff

Michael Coury

Vicky Choi

Abraham J Evert

James A King

Reza Molavi

Alec Maassen Van Den Brink

Florin Cioata

Jaspaul Chung

Mohammad Amin

A superconducting input and/or output system employs at least one microwave superconducting resonator. The microwave superconducting resonator(s) may be communicatively coupled to a microwave transmission line. Each microwave superconducting resonator may include a first and a second DC SQUID, in series with one another and with an inductance (e.g., inductor), and a capacitance in parallel with the first and second DC SQUIDs and inductance. Respective inductive interfaces are operable to apply flux bias to control the DC SQUIDs. The second DC SQUID may be coupled to a Quantum Flux Parametron (QFP), for example as a final element in a shift register. A superconducting parallel plate capacitor structure and method of fabricating such are also taught.

Method of fabricating a superconducting parallel plate capacitor

Apparatus and methods enable active compensation for unwanted discrepancies in the superconducting elements of a quantum processor. A qubit may include a primary compound Josephson junction (CJJ) structure, which may include at least a first secondary CJJ structure to enable compensation for Josephson junction asymmetry in the primary CJJ structure. A qubit may include a series LC-circuit coupled in parallel with a first CJJ structure to provide a tunable capacitance. A qubit control system may include means for tuning inductance of a qubit loop, for instance a tunable coupler inductively coupled to the qubit loop and controlled by a programming interface, or a CJJ structure coupled in series with the qubit loop and controlled by a programming interface.

Systems, methods and apparatus for active compensation of quantum processor elements

Various techniques and apparatus permit fabrication of superconductive circuits. A superconducting integrated circuit comprising a superconducting stud via, a kinetic inductor, and a capacitor may be formed. Forming a superconducting stud via in a superconducting integrated circuit may include masking with a hard mask and masking with a soft mask. Forming a superconducting stud via in a superconducting integrated circuit may include depositing a dielectric etch stop layer. Interlayer misalignment in the fabrication of a superconducting integrated circuit may be measured by an electrical vernier. Interlayer misalignment in the fabrication of a superconducting integrated circuit may be measured by a chain of electrical verniers and a Wheatstone bridge. A superconducting integrated circuit with three or more metal layers may include an enclosed, matched, on-chip transmission line. A metal wiring layer in a superconducting integrated circuit may be encapsulated.

Systems and methods for fabrication of superconducting integrated circuits

Various techniques and apparatus permit fabrication of superconductive circuits. A niobium/aluminum oxide/niobium trilayer may be formed and individual Josephson Junctions (JJs) formed. A protective cap may protect a JJ during fabrication. A hybrid dielectric may be formed. A superconductive integrated circuit may be formed using a subtractive patterning and/or additive patterning. A superconducting metal layer may be deposited by electroplating and/or polished by chemical-mechanical planarization. The thickness of an inner layer dielectric may be controlled by a deposition process. A substrate may include a base of silicon and top layer including aluminum oxide. Depositing of superconducting metal layer may be stopped or paused to allow cooling before completion. Multiple layers may be aligned by patterning an alignment marker in a superconducting metal layer.

The systems, devices, articles, and methods described herein generally relate to analog computers, for example quantum processors comprising qubits, couplers, and, or cavities. Analog computers, for example quantum processor based computers, are the subject of various sources of error which can hinder operation, potentially reducing computational accuracy and speed. Sources of error can be broadly characterized, for example as i) a background susceptibility do to inherently characteristics of the circuitry design, ii) as an h/J ratio imbalance, iii) bit flip errors, iv) fidelity, and v) Anderson localization, and various combinations of the aforesaid.

Error reduction and, or, correction in analog computing including quantum processor-based computing

Approaches useful to operation of scalable processors with ever larger numbers of logic devices (e.g., qubits) advantageously take advantage of QFPs, for example to implement shift registers, multiplexers (i.e., MUXs), de-multiplexers (i.e., DEMUXs), and permanent magnetic memories (i.e., PMMs), and the like, and/or employ XY or XYZ addressing schemes, and/or employ control lines that extend in a 'braided' pattern across an array of devices. Many of these described approaches are particularly suited for implementing input to and/or output from such processors. Superconducting quantum processors comprising superconducting digital-analog converters (DACs) are provided. The DACs may use kinetic inductance to store energy via thin-film superconducting materials and/or series of Josephson junctions, and may use single-loop or multi-loop designs. Particular constructions of energy storage elements are disclosed, including meandering structures. Galvanic connections between DACs and/or with target devices are disclosed, as well as inductive connections.

Systems and methods for superconducting devices used in superconducting circuits and scalable computing

Analog processors for solving various computational problems are provided. Such analog processors comprise a plurality of quantum devices, arranged in a lattice, together with a plurality of coupling devices. The analog processors further comprise bias control systems each configured to apply a local effective bias on a corresponding quantum device. A set of coupling devices in the plurality of coupling devices is configured to couple nearest-neighbor quantum devices in the lattice. Another set of coupling devices is configured to couple next-nearest neighbor quantum devices. The analog processors further comprise a plurality of coupling control systems each configured to tune the coupling value of a corresponding coupling device in the plurality of coupling devices to a coupling. Such quantum processors further comprise a set of readout devices each configured to measure the information from a corresponding quantum device in the plurality of quantum devices.

Analog processor comprising quantum devices

Systems and methods are described to accurately extract device parameters and optimize the design of macroscopic superconducting structures, for example qubits. This method presents the advantage of reusing existing plaquettes to simulate different processor topologies. The physical elements of a qubits are extracted via plurality of plaquettes. Each plaquette contains at least one physical element of the qubit design and has two ports on each side. Each plaquette is concatenated to at least one other plaquette via two ports. The values of inductance (L), capacitance (C) and mutual inductance (M) and quantum critical point of the qubit design can be computed. Changing the physical elements of the qubit design and iterating the method allows to effortlessly refine the qubit design.

Systems and methods to extract qubit parameters

Topologies for analog computing systems may include cells of qubits which may implement a tripartite graph and cross substantially orthogonally. Qubits may have an H-shape or an l-shape, qubits may change direction within a cell. Topologies may be comprised of two or more different sub-topologies. Qubits may be communicatively coupled to non-adjacent cells by long-range couplers. Long-range couplers may change direction within a cell. A cell may have two or more different type of long-range couplers. A cell may have shifted qubits, more than one type of inter-cell couplers, more than one type of intra-cell couplers and long-range couplers.

Systems and methods for quantum processor topology

Josephson junctions (JJ) may replace primary inductance of transformers to realize galvanic coupling between qubits, advantageously reducing size. A long-range symmetric coupler may include a compound JJ (CJJ) positioned at least approximately at a half-way point along the coupler to advantageously provide a higher energy of a first excited state than that of an asymmetric long-range coupler. Quantum processors may include qubits and couplers with a non-stoquastic Hamiltonian to enhance multi-qubit tunneling during annealing. Qubits may include additional shunt capacitances, e.g., to increase overall quality of a total capacitance and improve quantum coherence. A sign and/or magnitude of an effective tunneling amplitude &#x394;of a qubit characterized by a double-well potential energy may advantageously be tuned. Sign-tunable electrostatic coupling of qubits may be implemented, e.g., via resonators, and LC-circuits. YY couplings may be incorporated into a quantum anneaier (e.g., quantum processor).

Systems and methods for coupling qubits in a quantum processor

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Paul I Bunyk