University of Warwick

Element Six Technologies Limited

Other

University of Utah Research Foundation

Element Six Gmbh

Patrick Robert Unwin

Mark Edward Newton

Julie Victoria MacPherson

Geoffrey Alan Scarsbrook

Timothy Peter Mollart

Andrew John Whitehead

Kim Martin McKelvey

William Joseph Yost, Iii

Julie Macpherson

Joseph Michael Dodson

Henry S White

Laura Anne Hutton

Julie Victoria Macpherson

Nicola Louise Palmer

Eleni Bitziou

Neil Ebejer

Ioana Dumitrescu

Jonathan P Edgeworth

Kim MArtin McKelvey

A new scanning electrochemical microscopy tip positioning method that allows topography and surface activity to be resolved independently is presented. A SECM tip is oscillated relative to the surface of interest. Changes in the oscillation amplitude, caused by the intermittent contact of the SECM tip with the surface of interest, are used to detect the surface of interest, and as a feedback signal for various types of imaging.

Scanning electrochemical microscopy with oscillating probe tip

A boron doped synthetic diamond material which has the following characteristics: a solvent window meeting one or both of the following criteria as measured by sweeping a potential of the boron doped synthetic diamond material with respect to a saturated calomel reference electrode in a solution containing only deionized water and 0.1M KNOas a supporting electrolyte at pH 6: the solvent window extends over a potential range of at least 4.1 V wherein end points of the potential range for the solvent window are defined when anodic and cathodic current density measured at the boron doped synthetic diamond material reaches 38 mA cm; and the solvent window extends over a potential range of at least 3.3 V wherein end points of the potential range for the solvent window are defined when anodic and cathodic current density measured at the boron doped synthetic diamond material reaches 0.4 mA cm; a peak-to-peak separation &#x394;Ep (for a macroelectrode) or a quartile potential &#x394;E(for a microelectrode) of no more than 70 mV as measured by sweeping a potential of the boron doped synthetic diamond material at a rate of 100 mV swith respect to a saturated calomel reference electrode in a solution containing only deionized water, 0.1M KNO3 supporting electrolyte, and 1 mM of FcTMAor Ru(NH)6at pH 6; and a capacitance of no more than 10 &#x3bc;F cmas measured by sweeping a potential of the boron doped synthetic diamond material with respect to a saturated calomel reference electrode between 70 mV and &#x2212;70 mV in a solution containing only deionized water and 0.1M KNOsupporting electrolyte at pH 6, measuring resultant current, subtracting a current value at 0 V when sweeping towards negative potentials from a current value at 0 V when sweeping towards positive potentials, dividing the subtracted current value by 2, and then dividing the result by an area (cm) of the boron doped synthetic diamond material and by a rate at which the potential is swept (Vs) to give a value for capacitance in F cm.

Synthetic diamond materials for electrochemical sensing applications

A method of controlling a scanning electrochemical microscopy probe tip comprising the following steps: oscillating the scanning electrochemical microscopy probe tip relative to the surface of interest; moving the oscillating scanning electrochemical microscopy probe tip towards the surface of interest; detecting damping of an amplitude of the oscillation of the scanning electrochemical microscopy probe tip resulting from the scanning electrochemical microscopy probe tip coming into contact with the surface of interest at the first location; using the detected damping to detect the surface of interest; retracting the scanning electrochemical microscopy probe tip away from the surface of interest without first translating the scanning electrochemical microscopy probe tip along the surface of interest while the scanning electrochemical microscopy probe tip is in intermittent contact with the surface of interest. The method further comprises measuring electrochemical signals produced at the oscillating scanning electrochemical microscopy probe tip while moving the oscillating scanning electrochemical microscopy probe tip towards and/or away from the surface of interest.

Scanning electrochemical microscopy

Apparatus comprises a pipet comprising first and second channels separated by a septum and having a tip at which each of the first and second channels is open; an electrolyte solution contained within both the first and second channels of the pipet; a first electrode extending into the electrolyte in the first channel of the pipet; a second electrode extending into the electrolyte in the second channel of the pipet; means for applying a potential difference between the first and second electrodes; means for measuring alternating current components of a current flowing to or from the first electrode; means for applying an oscillatory perturbation to the pipet; and means responsive to the alternating current measured to be flowing to or from the first electrode to adjust a position of the pipet such as to control a separation between the tip of the pipet and a surface of interest.

Pipets containing electrolyte and electrodes

A method of analyzing chemical species in a solution, the method comprising: providing an electrochemical deposition apparatus comprising a first electrode () formed of an electrically conductive diamond material and a second electrode (); locating the first electrode in contact with a solution () to be analyzed and the second electrode in electrical contact with the solution to be analyzed; applying a potential difference between the first and second electrodes () such that current flows between the first and second electrodes through the solution to be analyzed and chemical species are electro-deposited from the solution onto the first electrode; applying a spectroscopic analysis technique to the electro-deposited chemical species (M1, M2, M3) on the first electrode to generate spectroscopic data about the electro-deposited chemical species on the first electrode; and using the spectroscopic data to determine the type of chemical species electro-deposited on the first electrode. The spectroscopic analysis technique, which can be based on X-rays, fluorescent X-rays or gamma rays, is used in combination with stripping voltammetric measurement performed on the first electrode. The spectroscopic data can also be used in-situ calibration data for calibrating the reference potential used voltammetric measurements.

Electrochemical deposition and spectroscopic analysis methods and apparatus using diamond electrodes

Microelectrode comprising a body formed from electrically non-conducting material and including at least one region of electrically conducting material and at least one passage extending through the body of non-conducting material and the region of conducting material, the electrically conducting region presenting an area of electrically conducting material to a fluid flowing through the passage in use. An electrochemical cell which includes such a microelectrode is also disclosed.

Microelectrode array

The invention relates to electrodes for electrochemical analysis comprising: &#x2014;an insulating surface; &#x2014;carbon nanotubes situated on the insulating surface at a density of at least 0.1 &#x3bc;mUm; and &#x2014;an electrically conducting material in electrical contact with the carbon nanotubes; wherein the carbon nanotubes cover an area of no more than about 5.0% of the insulating surface. Methods of making such electrodes and assay devices or kits with such electrodes, are also provided.

Nanotube electrochemistry

An electrode for electrochemical analysis is described, the electrode comprising: an insulating surface; a three-dimensional network of carbon nanotubes situated on the insulating surface; and an electrically conducting material in electrical contact with the carbon nanotubes; wherein the carbon nanotubes are oriented substantially parallel to the insulating surface. Also described is a method of manufacturing the electrode, and a method of electrochemically analysing a solution using electrodes of this type, and an associated assay device or kit.

Sensor device for ion channel recordings; liquid-liquid measurements and resistive pulse particle counting comprising; at least one sensor element; the element comprising a diamond thin film substrate and a pore which is a nanopore or a micropore included in the substrate. This device may be used in analysis, for instance the device may be used for single molecule detection of an apialyte (e.g. DNA), for the analysis of interactions between a sensor element and an analyte, for the detection of pore forming entities, or for the determination of ion transfer.

Growing community of inventors

Warwickshire, United Kingdom

Patrick Robert Unwin