Schlumberger Technology Corporation

The University of Texas System

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Statoil Gulf Services LLC

Services Petroliers Schlumberger

Schlumberger Holdings Limited

Prad Research and Development Limited

Pabitra N Sen

Yi-Qiao Song

Martin E Poitzsch

Muthusamy Vembusubramanian

Karen Wiemer

Guillemette Picard

Reza Taherian

Thomas D Barber

Emmanuel Legendre

Martin D Hurlimann

Martin G Luling

Michael Wilt

William E Kenyon

Yue Wu

Alfred Kleinhammes

Barbara I Anderson

Mohsen Ahmadian-Tehrani

Abdurrahman Sezginer

Ravinath Kausik Kadayam Viswanathan

Boqin Q Sun

John Paul Horkowitz

Thomas J Neville

Yiqiao Song

Jayanth R Banavar

Gabriela Leu

Paul L Baker

Nicholas Drenzek

Seungoh Ryu

Michele O'Callaghan

Mohammad Reza Taherian

Yi-Quao Song

Barbara Anderson

Martin Lüling

Thomas Barber

Hydraulic fracturing of a geological formation is performed by injection of a proppant mixture into the geological formation to form fractures in the geological formation. The proppant mixture includes at least a liquid, proppant, and proppant additive particles. The hydraulic fracturing results in a presence of the proppant additive particles within the formed fractures, wherein the proppant additive particles are configured with a first complex conductivity that is measurably different than a second complex conductivity exhibited by materials comprising the geological formation. The formed fractures can then be imaged and mapped in the geological formation with electromagnetic energy at one or more frequencies in a manner so that the proppant additive particles function as a contrast agent due to the first complex conductivity of the proppant additive particles being measurably different from the second complex conductivity. The complex conductivity includes a real conductivity and an imaginary conductivity.

Proppant additives for hydraulic fracturing

A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) system that uses a feedback induction coil to detect NMR signals generated within a substance is described herein. In one embodiment, the NMR system uses the Earth's magnetic field in conjunction with a transmitter coil that applies NMR sequences to a formation. The NMR sequences generate a weak NMR signal within the formation due to the weakness of the Earth's magnetic field. This weak NMR signal is detected using the feedback induction coil.

Nuclear magnetic resonance system with feedback induction coils

Contrast agents and methods for use in geological applications are provided. Contrast agents can be a nanopolymorph material, such as titania nanotubes, and have a low-frequency dielectric permittivity. Methods of identifying one or more subterranean features during geological exploration are provided. Methods of identifying a ganglion of bypassed oil are provided. Methods of illuminating subterranean fractures in hydraulic fracturing are provided.

Dielectric contrast agents and methods

Nucleur magnetic resonance system with feedback induction coils

Techniques involve determining the frequency-dependent dielectric permittivity spectrum of a rock sample. Determining the frequency-dependent dielectric permittivity may involve defining a series of electromagnetic measurement data having at least a measurement at a frequency from which a substantially frequency-independent value of dielectric permittivity &#x2208;can be obtained. The electromagnetic measurement data also includes measurements at different frequencies from which values for frequency-dependent dielectric permittivity &#x2208;(f) can be obtained. Using these measurements, the frequency-dependent spectrum of the sample may be determined.

Methods for determining dielectric permittivity spectrum of underground rock formations

Systems and methods for magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of samples from unconventional reservoirs are described. Fast and inexpensive methods are described that can provide reliable information on TOC content, type, and maturity (via the relative abundances of different hydrocarbons, for example) without the need for more extensive sample preparation or destruction. If care is taken during sample recovery and storage, NMR can also yield an estimate of gas-in-place, including detailed typing (e.g. methane vs. ethane). The described MAS NMR analysis is used to determine various properties of unconventional reservoirs, including gas and oil shales, which are useful in evaluating their worth and producibility.

NMR analysis of unconventional reservoir rock samples

A method for determining the frequency-dependent dielectric permittivity spectrum of a rock sample, comprising:&#x2014;defining a series of electromagnetic measurement data comprising at least a first measurement at a frequency from which a substantially frequency-independent value of dielectric permittivity &#x2208;, can be obtained; and at least second and third measurements at different frequencies from which values for frequency-dependent dielectric permittivity &#x2208;(f) can be obtained; and&#x2014;using the first, second and third measurements to determine the frequency-dependent spectrum of the sample.

Methods and related systems for use with a wireline tool system. A wireline cable designed to deploy a wireline tool into a wellbore from a surface. The wireline cable includes one or more conducting members for communication between the wireline tool and the surface. A plurality of sensing elements located on the wireline cable in a spaced apart fashion along a length of the wireline cable, wherein each sensing element is in communication with one or more adjacent sensing element.

Sensing and monitoring of elongated structures

Methods and related systems for use with a continuous fiber based system for use with well bore completions. Wherein a plurality of continuous fibers are deployable into a portion of a well bore completion, such that a fiber management module is adapted and positioned within the borehole to facilitate deployment of and communication with the plurality of continuous fibers. Further, the number of deployable continuous fibers of the continuous fiber based system can provide for sufficient redundancy to make at least a target measurement relating to the completion.

Continuous fibers for use in well completion, intervention, and other subterranean applications

Methods and related systems are described for use with hydraulic fracturing and other oilfield applications. A tool body is positioned in a wellbore at a location near a subterranean rock formation being fractured. The tool body contains a plurality of deployable continuous fibers. At least some of the deployable continuous fibers are deployed into fractures within a subterranean rock formation. Each deployed fiber is continuous from the tool body to the rock formation. The number of deployable continuous fibers provides sufficient redundancy to make at least a target measurement relating to the fracturing process.

Continuous fibers for use in hydraulic fracturing applications

Sensing and actuating in marine deployed cable and streamer applications

An apparatus and methods that can be used to determine various qualitative parameters of an earth formation from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. One embodiment provides a method of NMR-based remote sensing in which a nuclear spins in fluid of interest are encoded while inside an earth formation and then withdrawn into a tool module and analyzed by a sensor located in the tool module. Separate encoding and detection systems may be used, allowing each system to be independently optimized. In particular, because detection of the encoded spins may occur while the spins are inside the detector system, rather than within the earth formation (where they are encoded), the detector system may be constructed to employ a highly uniform magnetic field. This may facilitate various NMR measurements.

Remote sensing nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus

A system and method for measuring fluid flow in a wellbore in an earth formation using time-of-flight (TOF) sensing and remote detection nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, by applying a magnetic field to the formation to polarize spins present in a portion of the formation, providing an encoding shell in the formation, selecting an encoding volume from the encoding shell, applying an encoding signal to excite the spins in the encoding volume, introducing a time delay to the encoding signal, providing a detection shell in the formation, applying a detection signal to the detection shell, detecting an NMR signal generated by the migration of spins from the encoding shell to the detection shell, and collecting TOF data corresponding to time elapsed from when a spin is encoded to when the spin reaches the detection shell.

System and method for downhole time-of-flight sensing, remote NMR detection of fluid flow in rock formations

A method for determining a characteristic of formations surrounding an earth borehole, includes the following steps: (a) providing a logging device that is moveable through the borehole; (b) producing, from the logging device, a static magnetic field in the formations; (c) transmitting, into the formations, from the logging device, a magnetic pulse sequence and receiving, during the pulse sequence, magnetic resonance spin echo signals; the magnetic pulse sequence having a portion of a pulse acquisition sequence with relatively long pulse spacing times t and another portion of the pulse acquisition sequence with relatively short pulse spacing times t ; and (d) repeating step (c) with pulse spacing times t that are different than t ;(e) deriving respective T distributions from the spin echo signals obtained during the another portion of the pulse acquisition sequence of step (c) and during the another portion of the pulse acquisition sequence of step (d); and (f) determining the characteristic of the formations from the respective T distributions.

Well logging technique and apparatus for determining pore characteristics of earth formations using magnetic resonance

A method for the determining a nuclear magnetic resonance characteristic of earth formations surrounding a borehole, includes the following steps: providing a logging device that is movable through the borehole, the logging device having a longitudinal axis; providing a first coil, in the logging device, for generating a magnetic field in the formations; providing a second coil in the logging device; applying a polarizing signal to the first coil; detecting, with the second coil, magnetic resonance of spins in the formations that are precessing around earth's magnetic field; and providing a third coil in the logging device, the third coil being operative to produce a further magnetic field in the borehole that reduces the contribution of spins in the borehole to the magnetic resonance detected by the second coil.

Apparatus and method for magnetic resonance logging

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Ridgefield, CT, United States of America

Pabitra N Sen