Solid State Farms, Inc.

Other

Pindi Products, Inc.

Milton E Fuller

Berry V Carone

David K McKinney

Gary S Fletcher, Jr

David W Deamer

Mark Norman Iverson

Frank J Cherne

Ajit J Koshy, Deceased

An apparatus for non-invasive detection and quantitation of analytes in a sample, such as blood glucose employs a novel amplifier that uses high-gauss permanent magnets to permit an Rf signal to be transmitted through the sample. The concentration of the analyte can be determined from the magnitude of the reduction in the amplitude of the Rf signal at a characteristic frequency.

Method and apparatus for non-invasive analysis of blood glucose

An apparatus for non-invasive detection and quantitation of analytes in a sample, such as blood glucose, employs a novel amplifier that uses high-gauss permanent magnets to permit an Rf signal to be transmitted through the sample. The concentration of the analyte can be determined from the magnitude of the reduction in the amplitude of the Rf signal at a characteristic frequency.

Concentration of a target chemical in the presence of other substances in a specimen is determined by subjecting the specimen to radio frequency electromagnetic components, sequentially or otherwise, ranging to about 5 GHz. The reflected and/or transmitted signal real and imaginary components at the specimen are spectrally examined as a function of frequency to identify the presence and/or concentration of the chemical of interest. Such examination includes analysis of the effective complex impedance presented by the specimen, and/or effective phase shift between the transmitted and reflected signal at the specimen. The effects upon glucose concentration measurements of varying electrolytes, primarily NaCl, can be nulled-out by examining impedance magnitude at a cross-over frequency, for example about 2.5 GHz. NaCl concentration exhibits a very linear relationship with phase shift change at frequencies in the 2 GHz-3 GHz range. In a specimen that is blood, such phase shift measurements provide data proportional to NaCl concentration. Impedance magnitude measurements using 1 MHz to 400 MHz frequencies provides a measure of combined concentration of glucose and NaCl. The phase shift data may then be used to substrate out the NaCl concentration from the combined concentration, to yield a good measure of glucose concentration. Such tests may be conducted in-vitro or in-vivo and lend themselves to blood level glucose analyses by diabetics.

Radio frequency spectral analysis for in-vitro or in-vivo environments

An apparatus and process for accurately determining settling data for the settling of erythrocyte cells from a plasma fluid in a test specimen of blood. The apparatus includes a settling tube, a sensing assembly movably mounted proximate the settling tube. Preferably an infrared emitter and detector are provided in the sensing assembly, and a control assembly is provided which senses data at a high rate and is responsive to the sensed data to sample or store the time at which sensed reflectivity exceeds a threshold level. When the threshold is reached, data is sampled and the tracking head is moved by a very small step. This process is repeated to enable tracking of the descent of the separation boundary between the erythrocyte cells and plasma fluid. The apparatus senses changes in reflectivity of the erythrocyte portion of the specimen below and up to the separation boundary. The apparatus and process also includes a scanning process to calibrate the reflectivity for each test specimen, the reflectivity also is measured immediately after moving the sensing assembly and recorded as a function of the position of the sensing assembly. An apparatus and process for scanning the plasma fluid and white cells above the separation boundary for reflectivity of infrared or visible light radiation as a function of height above the separation boundary also is disclosed.

Apparatus for sedimentation based blood analysis

A source of high frequency electromagnetic radiation is coupled to a specimen containing a target chemical whose presence and/or concentration is to be ascertained. Preferably the source radiation includes a plurality of high frequency spectra, at least one of which encourages energy transfer with the chemical of interest. The source radiation is coupled to the specimen via a probe pair that is also used to access a return signal representing an interaction between the source signal and the specimen. The return signal is processed to yield a spectral signature correlating to the target chemical and/or its concentration. Preferably signal processing compares frequency spectra within the source signal to spectra within a sampled return signal. The sampled return signal is a signal obtained by sampling a return signal at the probe pair and by sampling the response to the source signal of a circuit that electrically approximates the specimen. The amplitude and/or phase difference between the sampled return signal and the source signal provides recognition of the spectral signature. Target chemical concentration data may be obtained from the signature and can be displayed in a number of ways. Operation of the signal processor may be optimized using a neural network. In the preferred embodiment, the specimen is a human finger that is pressed against the probe pair, and the chemical is glucose. The invention thus permits a lay user to non-invasively determine his or her glucose level.

Apparatus and method for radio frequency spectroscopy using spectral

Apparatus and method for sedimentation based blood analysis

An apparatus and method for measuring the concentration of a chemical substance in a test sample based on a technique of waveform distortion analysis is disclosed. The apparatus includes a waveform generator that generates a periodic electromagnetic signal having a plurality of frequencies simultaneously present. Preferably the signal has a fundamental frequency and simultaneously present harmonic frequencies which shape the waveform. The shaped periodic signal is transmitted through the test sample by a probe assembly which also receives the transmitted signal from the test sample. Propagation of the shaped signal through the test sample results in a change in the waveform shape or distortion by the chemical, and a detector circuit is provided that quantifies the change in shape of the signal to determine the concentration of the chemical in the test sample. The harmonics producing the waveform shape and the fundamental frequency of the signal are both selected so that the change in shape of the signal is particularly responsive to the presence of a selected chemical substance. The magnitude of the distortion or change in shape of the signal can be directly correlated to the concentration of the selected chemical substance.

Radio frequency spectroscopy apparatus and method using multiple

An apparatus and method for measuring the concentration of a chemical substance in a test sample based on a technique of waveform distortion analysis is disclosed. The apparatus includes a waveform generator that generates a periodic signal, an antenna probe that transmits the signal into the test sample and receives from the test sample a corresponding periodic signal, the waveform of which has been distorted or otherwise transformed by the chemical, and a detector circuit that quantifies the transformation of the signal to determine the concentration of the chemical in the test sample. The waveform shape and frequency are selected so that the transformation is particularly responsive to the presence of a selected chemical substance, so that the magnitude of the distortion or transformation of the signal is directly related to the concentration of the selected chemical substance.

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Reno, NV, United States of America

Milton E Fuller