Fuji Electric Co., Ltd.

Fuji Electric Corporate Research and Developement Ltd.

Michio Ohsawa

Akihiro Otsuki

A magnetic recording medium can be produced without substrate heating during sputtering. The recording medium has a substrate, an underlayer of a nonmagnetic film with a bcc structure formed on the substrate, an intermediated layer of a nonmagnetic film with an hcp structure formed on the underlayer, a magnetic layer of a magnetic film with an hcp structure formed on the intermediate layer, and a protective layer formed on the magnetic layer. Materials used for the underlayer, the intermediate layer, and the magnetic layer has spacings between principal lattice planes of the respective crystals that can be expresses as d(between (110) planes in the underlayer)&#x3e;d(between (002) planes in the intermediate layer)&#x3e;d(between (002) planes in the magnetic layer).

Magnetic recording medium with controlled lattice spacing and method of forming thereof

The quality of CuInSe.sub.2 solar cells is estimated during the manufacturing process by using a photoluminescence analysis. Emitted luminescence is measured upon irradiation of a CuInSe.sub.2 thin film with laser light, and estimation is performed on the basis of the luminous intensity. Specifically, non-defective products can be obtained by using lots in which the maximum luminous intensity in the spectral range of luminescent light of 0.8.about.0.9 eV of a sample cooled to liquid nitrogen-temperature or to liquid helium temperature is not lower than a predetermined value or is higher than the maximum luminous intensity in the spectral range of 0.9.about.1.0 eV. Further, after the manufacturing process is completed, by using this estimation, it is possible to rank the products after completion of the manufacturing process.

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Kanagawa, Japan

Michio Ohsawa