Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC

Michael P Thelen

Thomas L Ruegg

Bradley R Hart

Anthony W Van Buuren

Louis J Terminello

Sonia Edith Létant

Douglas A Higgins

Louisa J Hope-Weeks

The present invention provides for a method of genetically modifying microorganisms to enhance resistance to ionic liquids using a yeast Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS), or aMFS SmvA Pump or SmvR Regulator, a Small Multidrug Resistance Family (SMR), orYDR090C, polypeptide, host cells genetically modified in accordance with the methods, and methods of using the host cells in a reaction comprising biomass that has been pretreated with ionic liquids.

Engineered microorganisms having resistance to ionic liquids

The present invention provides for a method of genetically modifying microorganisms to enhance resistance to ionic liquids, host cells genetically modified in accordance with the methods, and methods of using the host cells in a reaction comprising biomass that has been pretreated with ionic liquids.

Disclosed are nanometer to micron scale functionalized apertures constructed on a substrate made of glass, carbon, semiconductors or polymeric materials that allow for the real time detection of biological materials or chemical moieties. Many apertures can exist on one substrate allowing for the simultaneous detection of numerous chemical and biological molecules. One embodiment features a macrocyclic ring attached to cross-linkers, wherein the macrocyclic ring has a biological or chemical probe extending through the aperture. Another embodiment achieves functionalization by attaching chemical or biological anchors directly to the walls of the apertures via cross-linkers.

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Danville, CA, United States of America

Michael P Thelen