International Business Machines Corporation

Michael James Cordes

Steven Alan Cordes

James L Speidell

Tolga Oral

Uttam Shymalindu Ghoshal

Errol Wayne Robinson

Steven Allen Cordes

Hui W Han

Bin Zhu

Russell Alan Budd

Steven Lorenz Wright

Daniel Michael Kuchta

James Patrick Doyle

Shui-Chih Alan Lien

Scott Marshall Mansfield

William K Hogan

Jeannine Madelyn Trewhella

Mitchell S Cohen

Frederick Cole Mintzer

George L Chiu

James Edward Christensen

Glen Walden Johnson

Gordon Wesley Braudaway

Raul E Acosta

Sara Beth Weber

Dianne L Lacey

Donald M DeCain

Albert Nessim Cazes

David Osofsky

Di Wang

Joseph P Zinter

A computer identifies data detailing usage of a first set of one or more applications by a first user and a first set of users, and information associated with usage of a second set of one or more applications by the first set of users. The computer determines one or more similarity coefficients between the first user and the first set of users and determines an overall predicted taste score for each content associated with the second set of one or more applications based on the determined one or more similarity coefficients. The computer determines one or more recommendations for one or more contents of the second set of one or more applications based on the determined one or more overall predicted taste scores.

Generation of content recommendations

A method for training a machine learning model for open domain question answering includes receiving trained classifiers for question answering. The received trained classifiers are used to generate a set of candidate answers to a question. Second trained classifiers are used for scoring each of the candidate answers. The scoring indicates a measure of how well each candidate answer answers the question. Using the second trained classifiers for scoring each of the candidate answers includes comparing each candidate answer to a first ground truth corresponding to the question. A set of top-scoring candidate answers is presented to a human operator who marks each as correct or incorrect. The correct candidate answers are treated as additional ground truths for further training the first trained classifiers.

Training machine learning models for open-domain question answering system

Aperture members are provided wherein there is thin 1&#x2013;10 micrometer thick crystaline membrane that is surrounded by a frame of a bulk type crystalline material. The aperture being an opening through the membrane in a typical shape useful for device fabrication, such as a circle or pattern. The aperture member of the invention can be fabricated out of a typical silicon crystalline wafer in a process where doping in a region serves as an etch stop.

Precision and apertures for lithographic systems

Method and apparatus for thermal management of an integrated circuit. A semiconductor device includes an integrated circuit and an integrated thermoelectric cooler formed on a common substrate. A semiconductor device is fabricated by forming an integrated circuit on a front side of the substrate and forming an integrated thermoelectric cooler on a back side of the substrate. A first thermal sink of semiconductor material capable of absorbing heat from the integrated circuit is formed on the back side of the substrate. N-type thermoelectric elements are formed on contacts formed on the first thermal sink. P-type thermoelectric elements are formed on contacts formed on a second thermal sink of semiconductor material capable of dissipating heat. The p-type and n-type thermoelectric elements are bonded to the contacts on the first and second thermal sinks, respectively, by a flip-chip soldering process. Using this method, semiconductor devices including an integrated circuit and integrated modules of thermoelectric elements are formed having cooling capacities corresponding to heat dissipated from different portions of the integrated circuit. As a result, substantially uniform temperature distribution across the integrated circuit can be achieved.

Method and apparatus for thermal management of integrated circuits

A structure that includes a substrate, typically a semiconductor chip such as a VCSEL or photodetector chip, and a guide for aligning a signal conveying device, typically an optical fiber, to a transducer such as an optoelectronic device on the semiconductor chip. The guide is formed, in a preferred embodiment, by lithographically exposing and developing a thick layer of photoresist. The structure is assembled by placing and securing the signal conveying device into a cavity-like region of the guide.

Guides lithographically fabricated on semiconductor devices

The present invention provides methods and apparatus for the color calibration of displays. These methods are particularly useful for displays having properties different than those associated with cathode ray tubes (CRT). Some displays, for example liquid crystal displays (LCD), have a high luminance black, the chromas of their primaries are not independent of their luminance levels, the intensities of their primaries are not strictly monotonically increasing with respect to their RGB levels, the color additivity of their subpixels is affected by crosstalk or leakage and their color measurements are dependent on the view angle of the observer. Therefore, the usage of CRT methods is deficient for such displays. The methods and apparatus of the present invention overcome several deficiencies generally found in non-CRT display devices by employing techniques associated with the use of restricted ranges for the primaries, subtracting the color black from all color measurements, forming a modified display matrix and/or creating tables which correct errors due to the non-linearities or color leakages of these display devices. These enable images to be processed using algorithms of different complexity and precision.

Color calibration of displays

A portable computer laptop desk is provided when attached to a structure that in turn is supported on web strapping that passes over the upper legs of the operator when in the seated position. The strapping is attached to foldable and telescopable side and center supports for the structure that slide into and fold over the structure forming a package comparable in size to the portable computer.

Laptop portable computer desk

In the invention a pellicle mounting structural principle is provided whereby a membrane for protection of an X-ray mask is interchangeably positioned with proper spacing between the X-ray mask and the resist on the wafer in which the pattern produced by the X-ray exposure is to be formed. The mounting principle employs a combined assembly of, a membrane and spacer member subassembly together with a means for seectably separable retention to the supporting structural portion of the mask The principle accommodates membrane materials that may not be flexible and provides an ability to remove the membrane for cleaning or replacement and to removal and reassembly with ease in reestablishing the spacing with respect to the mask. The means for the selectably separable retention to the supporting structural portion of the mask involves the use of springs and elastomers, securing to the sides of the supporting structural mask ring and the bonding of the spacer member directly to the mask.

X-ray mask pellicles and their attachment in semiconductor manufacturing

A lithographically patterned three dimensional stencil type mask is formed on a substrate over a specific area that is to undergo processing. The three dimensional mask functionally provides an energy beam stencil at a precise height over the specific area. The stencil has surface properties that provide a resist function for any scattering of a focused particle beam that passes through an aperture or opening in the center of the stencil, and is formed using standard in the art additive and subtractive processes so that it can be removed after the particle beam processing. It has a particular advantage in an application where it is desired to have sub regions in a pixel area in a liquid crystal display that can provide different domains which operate to provide different pretilt states to the liquid crystal which in turn widens the viewing range of the display.

Focused particle beam processing for use in electronic apparatus manufacturing

Three component color sub-pixel element areas of red,green and blue, are serially formed in an overall pixel area, on a transparent substrate, and after each individual color sub pixel element formation, a layer of protective transparent material is applied over the individual sub pixel element and the pixel area before formation of the next sub pixel element. The protective layers render the sub pixel elements unaffected by the processing of subsequent sub pixel members where such conditions as high temperature curing, hardening agents or hardening processes are involved, whereby advantages are achieved in manufacturability, reliability, yield, cost, and throughput.

Color filters formed sequentially with intervening protective films for

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Newburgh, NY, United States of America

Michael James Cordes