Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation

Nec Corporation

Masayuki Hiroi

Hiromi Horiuchi

Takuya Nishikiori

Yoshihiro Hayashi

Shigenori Otsuka

Nobuyuki Ikarashi

Makoto Ueki

A wiring metal contains a polycrystal of copper (Cu) as a primary element and an additional element other than Cu, and concentration of the additional element is, at crystal grain boundaries composing the Cu polycrystal and in vicinities of the crystal grain boundaries, higher than that of the inside of the crystal grains. The additional element is preferably at least one element selected from a group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, Cr, Co, Al, Sn, Ni, Mg, and Ag. This Cu wiring is formed by forming a Cu polycrystalline film, forming an additional element layer on this Cu film, and diffusing this additional element from the additional element layer into the Cu film. This copper alloy for wiring is preferred as metal wiring formed for a semiconductor device.

Copper alloy for wiring, semiconductor device, method for forming wiring and method for manufacturing semiconductor device

Disclosed herein are an image-forming process which comprises steps of: uniformly charging a latent image carrier by a charging member disposed in contact with or in close vicinity to the latent image carrier, forming a latent image pattern on the latent image carrier by exposure, developing the formed latent image pattern with a developer composed of image-developing particles and conductive particles having an average particle size of smaller than that of said image-developing particles, thereby transferring at least said image-developing particles in the developer to the latent image carrier, and transferring the image-developing particles transferred to the latent image carrier, to a transfer material; a developer for use in the image-forming process; and an image-forming system.

Image-forming process, developer and image-forming system

Disclosed herein are an electrostatic developer comprising image-forming particles which are magnetic, conductive particles having an average particle size of not more than that of the image-forming particles and more than 0.1 .mu.m, and particles obtainable by subjecting insulative inorganic oxide particles having a frictional charging polarity opposite to that of the image-forming particles to a hydrophobic treatment with silicone; and an electrostatic developing method in which the developer is used.

Electrostatic developer and electrostatic developing method

An image readout device having a plurality of readout elements for converting image into electrical signals, each element having a photoconductive layer and a pair of electrodes which contact the photoconductive layer, and between which the layer is disposed. The photoconductive layer contains a charge generation material and a charge transport material. Oxytitanium phthalocyanine is used as the charge generation material.

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Tokyo, Japan

Masayuki Hiroi