Canon Kabushiki Kaisha

Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha

Asahi Kasei Emd Corporation

Masataka Yamashita

Masahiro Terada

Kazuharu Katagiri

Kenji Shinjo

Shosei Mori

Takao Takiguchi

Takeshi Togano

Hiroyuki Kitayama

Syuji Yamada

Takashi Iwaki

Akio Yoshida

Masakazu Matsumoto

Hiroshi Mizuno

Masanobu Asaoka

Shozo Ishikawa

Shinichi Nakamura

Junko Sato

Koji Noguchi

Shoji Umehara

Yoshiko Kimura

Akira Tsuboyama

Yukio Hanyu

Ikuo Nakazawa

Yoko Yamada

Toshiharu Uchimi

Shinjiro Okada

Toshihiko Takeda

Keisuke Yamamoto

Yutaka Inaba

Kazuo Yoshinaga

Osamu Taniguchi

Yasue Sato

Miki Tamura

Masaru Kamio

Hajime Miyazaki

Hideyuki Kawagishi

Hitoshi Oda

Hideshi Kawasaki

Kazuhiro Jindai

Chieko Hioki

Shousei Mori

Tatsuya Iwasaki

Hisaaki Kawade

Toshikazu Ohnishi

Akihiko Yamano

Hiroyuki Nohira

Akira Yoshino

Takeo Ono

Masanao Kamei

Eiji Yamaguchi

Masaaki Hiro

Minoru Mabuchi

Toshinori Takatsuka

Hideyuki Takahashi

Kazutoshi Ishibashi

Yumiko Takizawa

Isao Kuribayashi

Yasufumi Minato

Katsuhiko Inoue

Akira Koyama

A pointing device is provided which facilitates the assembly, achieves downsizing and has a long life. Magnetic sensorsare placed symmetrically two by two along an X axis and Y axis on a printed circuit board. A switchis placed on a silicone resinside surface of the printed circuit boardto provide a switch function achieved by depressing a magnet covertoward the magnet. The pointing device, a device for outputting coordinate values of an input point, can not only output the coordinate values, but also make a decision by the switch function. A silicone resinis easy to deform caused by an external force, and returns its initial state without the applied external force as soon as the external force is removed.

Pointing device

A method of measuring luminance of an image display apparatus, a method of manufacturing the same, and a method and an apparatus for adjusting characteristics of the same, in which accuracy of measurement is improved while reducing time for measuring luminance of a pixel are provided. A plurality of devices that are not adjacent to each other (for example the devices of the same color out of R, G, and B) are selected and illuminated simultaneously, and luminance is measured for each of them. Based on measured luminance, the electron-emitting characteristics of the respective electron-emitting device as are adjusted based on measured luminance.

Method of measuring luminance of image display apparatus, method of manufacturing the same, method and apparatus for adjusting characteristics of the same

This invention provides an electron source manufacturing apparatus which can be easily downsized and operated. The electron source manufacturing apparatus includes a support member for supporting a substrate () having a conductor (), a vessel () which has a gas inlet port () and a gas exhaust port () and covers a partial region of the surface of the substrate (); a gas inlet unit () connected to the gas inlet port () to introduce gas into the vessel, an exhaust unit () connected to the gas exhaust port to evacuate the interior of the vessel, and a voltage application unit () for applying a voltage to the conductor.

Manufacturing method of an image forming apparatus

A method for producing an electron-emitting device having an electroconductive film with an electron-emitting region extending between plural electrodes, includes a step of forming the electron-emitting region in the electroconductive film, including a step of heating the electroconductive film, and a step of energizing the electroconductive film in an atmosphere in which a gas for promoting cohesion of the electroconductive film exists.

Methods for producing electron-emitting device, electron source, and image-forming apparatus

This invention provides an electron source manufacturing apparatus which can be easily downsized and operated. The electron source manufacturing apparatus includes a support member for supporting a substrate ( ) having a conductor ( ), a vessel ( ) which has a gas inlet port ( ) and a gas exhaust port ( ) and covers a partial region of the surface of the substrate ( ); a gas inlet unit ( ) connected to the gas inlet port ( ) to introduce gas into the vessel, an exhaust unit ( ) connected to the gas exhaust port to evacuate the interior of the vessel, and a voltage application unit ( ) for applying a voltage to the conductor.

Apparatus for producing electron source

A liquid crystal composition comprises at least three compounds represented by formulae (A), (B) and (C), respectively as in Claim 1. The compound of the formula (A) has an indan skeleton, the compound of the formula (B) has a quinoxaline skeleton, and the compound of the formula (C) has a pyrimidine skeleton or a benzothiazole skeleton and a terminal cyclic group comprising a cyclohexyl group or a phenyl group. The liquid crystal composition is effective in improving a display quality and drive characteristics of a liquid crystal device using the composition when the liquid crystal device is continuously driven for a long time.

Liquid crystal composition, liquid crystal device, and liquid crystal

A liquid crystal composition contains a mesomorphic compound represented by the following formula (A): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 denotes a linear or branched alkyl group having 1-18 carbon atoms; X.sub.1 denotes a single bond, --O--, --CO--O-- or --O--CO--; X.sub.2 denotes a single bond, --OCH.sub.2 --, --CO--O-- or --O--CO--; n is an integer of 3-16; and A.sub.1, denotes ##STR2## and a mesomorphic compound represented by the following formula (B): ##STR3## wherein R.sub.2 denotes a linear or branched alkyl group having 1-18 carbon atoms; X.sub.3 and X.sub.4 independently denote a single bond, --O--, --CO--O-- or --O--CO--; m is an integer of 3-16; and A.sub.2 denotes ##STR4## The liquid crystal composition may preferably be formulated as a chiral smectic liquid crystal composition. The liquid crystal composition is useful in providing a liquid crystal device using the liquid crystal composition with a good alignment characteristic, a good drive characteristic, and a high contrast ratio.

Liquid crystal composition, liquid crystal device and liquid crystal

A liquid crystal composition contains a mesomorphic compound represented by the following formula (A): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 independently denote a linear or branched alkyl group having 1-18 carbon atoms; X.sub.1 denotes a single bond, --O--, --CO--O-- or --O--CO--; and A.sub.1 denotes ##STR2## and a mesomorphic compound represented by the following formula (B): ##STR3## wherein R.sub.3 denotes a linear or branched alkyl group having 1-18 carbon atoms; X.sub.2 denotes a single bond, --O--, --CO--O-- or --O--CO--; X.sub.3 denotes a single bond, --OCH.sub.2 --, --CO--O-- or --O--CO--; n is an integer of 3-16; and A.sub.2 denotes ##STR4## The liquid crystal composition may preferably be formulated as a chiral smectic liquid crystal composition. The liquid crystal composition is useful in providing a liquid crystal device using the liquid crystal composition with a good alignment characteristic, a good drive characteristic, and a high contrast ratio.

A liquid crystal composition is composed of at least three types of mesomorphic compounds. The liquid crystal composition may preferably contain a mesomorphic compound having an indan skeleton represented by the formula (1) or (3) and a mesomorphic compound having a terminal cyclic group represented by the formula (2) or (4). The liquid crystal composition may also preferably further contain an optically active compound to be formulated as a chiral smectic (or ferroelectric) liquid crystal composition. When the chiral smectic liquid crystal composition is disposed between a pair of electrode substrates provided with uniaxial alignment axes, the liquid crystal composition may preferably be placed in an alignment state in C1 uniform alignment, so that a resultant liquid crystal device provides a higher contrast ratio and a wider drive voltage margin.

A liquid crystal composition contains a mesomorphic compound represented by the following formula (A): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 independently denote a linear or branched alkyl group having 1-18 carbon atoms; X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 independently denote a single bond, --O--, --CO--O-- or --O--CO--; and A.sub.1 denotes a single bond, ##STR2## or ##STR3## and A.sub.2 denotes ##STR4## or ##STR5## and a mesomorphic compound represented by the following formula (B): ##STR6## wherein R.sub.3 denotes a linear or branched alkyl group having 1-18 carbon atoms; X.sub.3 and X.sub.4 independently denote a single bond, --O--, --CO--O-- or --O--CO--; m is an integer of 3-16; and A.sub.3 denotes ##STR7## or ##STR8## The liquid crystal composition may preferably be formulated as a chiral smectic liquid crystal composition. The liquid crystal composition is useful in providing a liquid crystal device using the liquid crystal composition with a good alignment characteristic, a good drive characteristic, and a high and stable contrast ratio.

A liquid crystal composition contains a mesomorphic compound represented by the following formula (A): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 denotes a linear or branched alkyl group having 1-18 carbon atoms; X.sub.1 denotes a single bond, --O--, --CO--O-- or --O--CO--; X.sub.2 denotes a single bond, --OCH.sub.2 --, --CO--O-- or --O--CO--; n is an integer of 3-16; and A.sub.1 denotes ##STR2## and a mesomorphic compound represented by the following formula (B): ##STR3## wherein R.sub.2 denotes a linear or branched alkyl group having 1-18 carbon atoms; X.sub.3 and X.sub.4 independently denote a single bond, --O--, --CO--O-- or --O--CO--; m is an integer of 3-16; and A.sub.2 denotes ##STR4## The liquid crystal composition may preferably be formulated as a chiral smectic liquid crystal composition. The liquid crystal composition is useful in providing a liquid crystal device using the liquid crystal composition with a good alignment characteristic, a good drive characteristic, and a high contrast ratio.

A liquid crystal composition contains a mesomorphic compound represented by the following formula (A): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 independently denote a linear or branched alkyl group having 1-18 carbon atoms; X.sub.1 denotes a single bond, --O--, --CO--O-- or --O--CO--; and A.sub.1 denotes ##STR2## and a mesomorphic compound represented by the following formula (B): ##STR3## wherein R.sub.3 denotes a linear or branched alkyl group having 1-18 carbon atoms; X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 independently denote a single bond, --O--, --CO--O-- or --O--CO--; m is an integer of 3-16; and A.sub.2 denotes ##STR4## or ##STR5## The liquid crystal composition may preferably be formulated as a chiral smectic liquid crystal composition. The liquid crystal composition is useful in providing a liquid crystal device using the liquid crystal composition with a good alignment characteristic, a good drive characteristic, and a high and stable contrast ratio.

Secondary battery

A liquid crystal device including: a pair of substrates and a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed between the pair of substrates. Each of the pair of substrates has an electrode for applying a voltage to the liquid crystal. The pair of substrates is provided with respective uniaxial alignment axes extending in directions which are parallel to each other or intersect each other at a prescribed angle. The chiral smectic liquid crystal is placed in such an alignment state that the liquid crystal assumes at least two stable states and provides a pretilt angle .alpha. (degrees), a tilt angle H (degrees), an inclination angle .delta. (degrees) of the liquid crystal layer, and an apparent tilt angle .theta.a satisfying the following relationships (I) and (II) in a temperature range of 10.degree.-55.degree. C.:

Liquid crystal device providing tilt angle inclination angle and ps

A ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition, comprising at least one optically active compound represented by the following formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 denotes a linear or branched alkyl group having 1-18 carbon atoms capable of having a subtituent; X.sub.1 denotes a single bond, ##STR2## Z denotes a single bond or ##STR3## denotes ##STR4## and n is an integer of 1-12; and at least one compound represented by the following formula (II): ##STR5## wherein R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 respectively denote a linear or branched optically inactive alkyl group having 1-18 carbon atoms capable of having an alkoxy group of 1-12 carbon atoms; X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 respectively denote a single bond, ##STR6## and p and q are respectively 0, 1 or 2 with proviso that both of p and q are not 0.

Ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition and liquid

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Hiratsuka, Japan

Masataka Yamashita