Stamicarbon B.v.

Electrochemische Energieconversie, N.v.

Marinus Alfenaar

Franciscus T Van Den Brink

Desire J Jadoul

Cornelis G Van De Moesdijk

Rene L Van Gasse

Rudolf Van Hardeveld

Willem J Schlosser

Freddie J Cremers

Joannes J Leijen

The invention relates to a process for the electrochemical oxidation of an alkylpyridine having the formula ##STR1## where R represents an alkyl group with 1-6 C atoms, and x is 1,2 or 3, in an acid medium at a lead-containing anode of an electrolytic cell with anode and cathode compartments separated by an ion-exchange membrane, this process being characterized in that as an ion-exchange membrane an anion-exchange membrane is used and as catholyte an aqueous solution of the same acid as used in the anolyte, which solution is dilute in respect of this anolyte, and subsequently the reaction product is recovered from the anolyte.

Process for the electrochemical oxidation of alkylpyridines

Present invention relates to a method of operation of a fuel cell, in which method the fuel cell is operated so that a stoechiometric excess amount of fuel is present at the anode relative to the amount of oxidant in the cathode chamber(s), in which method the anode is connected with the cathode within the fuel cell through one or more electrical conductors, the arithmetic product of the total electrical resistance between the anode and the cathode electrically conductive connected therewith within the fuel cell in .OMEGA. and the active area of the cathode in m.sup.2 lying between 10.sup.-4 and 10 .OMEGA.m.sup.2, and in which method subsequently the external current drain is stopped and also the oxidant supply at least virtually is stopped, one or more electrically conductive connections being maintained between the anode and the cathode within the fuel cell after the external current drain from this fuel cell having been stopped and also the anode chamber(s) being left filled with fuel.

Method of operation of a fuel cell

Present invention relates to a fuel cell consisting of at least an anode and a cathode, in which fuel cell the anode is connected with the cathode within this fuel cell through one or more electrical conductors, and the arithmetic product of the total electrical resistance between the anode and the cathode electrically conductive conductor(s) therewith within the fuel cell in .OMEGA. and the active area of the cathode in m.sup.2 lies between 10.sup.-4 and 10 .OMEGA.m.sup.2.

Fuel cell

A process for the preparation of a hydroxylammonium slat and an oxime from said hydroxylammonium salt and an aldehyde or keton is disclosed in which an aqueous acid reaction medium is kept in circulation between a zone for the synthesis of the salt and a zone for the synthesis of the oxime and in which nitrate ions and/or nitrogen monoxide are continuously supplied as a reducible nitrogen source for the liquid kept in circulation, wherein the circulation liquid is subjected to an electrodialysis to remove the ammonium ions formed as a byproduct in the hydroxylammonium salt synthesis.

Process for removing ammonium-ions in an oxime preparation from a

Apparatus for supplying or draining a fluid to or from a marginal portion of a flat fuel cell electrode, consisting of a supply or drainage device for the fluid, which is connected with a spacious collecting channel (5) which runs substantially parallel to the marginal portion of the fuel cell electrode and which is connected with a number of substantially equidistantly spaced points of this marginal portion via micro-channels (4), these micro-channels having substantially identical dimensions and a width b that is smaller than their depth d. Preferably b/d is at most 0.9, and H/h is larger than 3, H and h being the hydraulic diameters of, respectively, the collecting channel (5) and the micro-channels (4).

Apparatus for supplying or draining a fluid to or from the marginal

An improved method for operating a fuel cell employing porous gas diffusion electrodes. The method provides for the regeneration of the electrode by keeping the oxidizing or reducing gas temporarily at a reduced concentration level while substantially maintaining the pressure on the gas in situ of the electrode and while continuing power offtake at least for the period during which the concentration level is reduced.

Method for the operation of a fuel cell

An improved porous electrode for use in electrochemical cells, particularly for use in fuel cells. The electrode is of the kind comprising a porous layer containing carbon and a non-polar resin such as polytetrafluoroethylene, and an electrically conducting screen acting as a collector. To prevent early collector deterioration the collector material is covered with an electrically conductive protective layer, which consists either of an electrically conductive resin or of a non-conductive resin in which conductive particles, such as graphite particles, have been incorporated.

Porous electrode

A process for removing suspended and emulsified substances from waste waters comprising passing the waste water through a pair of electrodes, the physical disposition of said electrodes being such that one of the electrodes is situated horizontally above the other electrode, is disclosed. A requirement of the process is that the electrodes which are used are formed of a perforated material.

Process and device for the purification of waste water by means of

Metal electrodes are prepared by contacting a basis-metal electrode with a solution which contains an alloying element compound, said basis-metal electrode comprising a basis-metal which is present in a finely divided or porous state and is selected from the group consisting of the noble metals from the Groups IB, IIB or VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements or an alloy of at least one of the metals, said alloying element being selected from the group consisting of an element from Groups IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIII, IB, IIB, VIIB or combinations thereof of the Periodic Table of the Elements; and reducing in situ said alloying-element compound to form the free-alloying element whereby said alloying element forms an alloy with said basis-metal.

Process for preparing a metal electrode

An improved porous electrode comprised of a porous, electrically conductive layer and an electrically conductive grid in which the normally high internal resistance of the electrode is substantially reduced by the presence of electrically conductive fibers in contact with the porous layer.

An electrochemical cell or battery in a monolithic form is produced, in which a series of planar sheet electrodes are disposed in a framework of a fibrous material which contains a thermosetting resin. The process for forming the cell or battery is also disclosed.

Process for making an electrochemical cell or battery, e.g. a fuel cell

Cyanogen halides, particularly cyanogen bromide and cyanogen chloride, are prepared in an electrolysis cell with cathode and anode chambers separated by a semi-permeable diaphragm, by reacting halide ions with hydrogen cyanide or a salt thereof in the anode chamber by means of a direct current, the pH value of the reactant in the anode chamber being lower than 4.

Process for preparing cyanogen halides

An improved process is disclosed wherein nitrate or nitrite ions, present in an alkaline solution, are reduced by means of a liquid alkali metal amalgam into hydroxylamine, using a reaction medium which, in addition to water, contains a water-miscible organic solvent for hydroxylamine and alkali nitrate or alkali nitrite.

Process of reducing nitrate or nitrile ions by means of liquid amalgams,

An improved process and apparatus for preparing cyanuric chloride by trimerizing cyanogen chloride in the presence of chlorine. The cyanogen chloride is produced by electrolytically reacting a solution of hydrogen cyanide or a salt thereof with chloride ion in an anode chamber of an electrolytic cell at a pH of less than 4.

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Schinnen, Netherlands

Marinus Alfenaar