W. R. Grace Co.

Srchem Incorporated

Bayer Aktiengesellschaft

Calwood Chemical Industries, Inc.

Purification Engineering, Inc.

Other

Aquasource, Inc.

Louis L Wood

Gary J Calton

Glenn E Fulmer

Donald W Larsen

Clifton L Kehr

Robert M Murch

Sidney R Siemer

Sheldon B Markofsky

Frank J Hartdegen

Peter A Hahn

Kurt C Frisch

James L Guthrie

Nelson S Marans

Jerome L Murray

Richard W Bush

Frances R Gardiner

John B Cook

Mary Lynn Wilson

Gary J Carlton

Nutrient formulations are provided having a high content of carrageenan and a low liquid content. The nutrient formulation also contains at least one nutritional and/or pharmaceutical component such as flavorings, sweeteners, amino acids, fruit solids, protein and carbohydrates. The formulations are produced by mixing at least one carrageenan at a minimum of 5% by weight, and the desired nutritional and/or pharmaceutical component with no more than 50% by weight of a liquid.

Nutrient formulations

This invention discloses slow release formulations for use in application of volatile insect repellents. A copolymer of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and an alkyl group of 4-30 carbons provides the slow release properties. The formulations are characterized by high residual action, low skin penetration, and high resistance to removal by water.

Slow release insect repellents

Polyaspartate, useful for inhibition of incrustations due to materials causing hardness in water and of value in detergent formulations, can be prepared by reacting maleic acid or fumaric acid in a molar ratio of 1:1-2.1 at temperatures greater than 190.degree. C., followed by conversion of the polymer formed in this reaction to a salt of polyaspartic acid by basic hydrolysis.

Salts of polyaspartic acid by high temperature reaction

Copolymers of polyaspartic acid which are suitable for the inhibition of scale deposition were obtained by reacting maleic acid, an additional polycarboxylic acid and ammonia in a stoichiometric excess, at 120.degree.-350.degree. C., preferably 180.degree.-300.degree. C., to provide copolymers of polysuccinimide. In a second embodiment, a polyamine was added to the reaction mix. These intermediate polysuccinimide copolymers could then be converted to the salts of copolymers of polyaspartic acid by hydrolysis with a hydroxide. Such copolymers are useful in preventing deposition of scale from water and find applications in treating water. Other applications include scale prevention additives for detergents. In addition, such copolymers inhibit dental tartar and plaque formation.

Copolymers of polyaspartic acid and polycarboxylic acids and polyamines

Imides reduce odors. Imides are especially efficient at reducing the odors of odoriferous an amine or ammonia. The imides may be incorporated in pads which are the recipients of odoriferous waste materials, dispersed in holding tanks or lagoons or dispersed over human and animal wastes. Polysuccinimide, copolymers of polysuccinimide, polyglutarimide and mixtures thereof are especially useful for the reduction of odors, especially of ammonia and an amine.

Method for odor reduction

Zirconium compounds reduce odors. Zirconium hydroxide and sulfated zirconium are especially efficient at reducing the odors of primary, secondary and tertiary amines or ammonia. Zirconium hydroxide and/or sulfated zirconium may be incorporated in pads which are the recipients of odoriferous waste materials, dispersed in holding tanks or lagoons or dispersed over human and animal wastes.

Odor reducing compositions

Process for the preparation of copolymers of polysuccinimides

Polysuccinimide, polyaspartic acid and salts of polyaspartic acid may be prepared by means of heating aspartic acid in the presence of sodium bisulfate. The molecular weight of the polymers may be increased from that obtained without the use of sodium bisulfate. The polysuccinimide, polyaspartic acid or salt of polyaspartic acid obtained have low color. Polyaspartic acid may be obtained in this manner directly from the effluent of an immobilized cell or enzyme column which catalyzes the production of L-aspartic acid without the necessity of intermediate isolation steps.

Polyaspartic acid catalysis

Polymers of maleic acid may be prepared by thermally polymerizing malic acid, maleic acid or fumaric acid with less than one equivalent of ammonia. The polymers are modified by the incorporation of amines, carboxylic acids or combinations thereof. The polymers formed are excellent inhibitors of alkaline earth salt deposition, dispersants, tartar control additives, detergent additives, and water treatment agents.

Polymers of maleic acid with amines

Copolymers of polyaspartic acid which are suitable for the Inhibition of scale deposition were obtained by reacting maleic acid, an additional polycarboxylic acid and ammonia in a stoichiometric excess, at 120.degree.-350.degree. C., preferably 180.degree.-300.degree. C., to provide copolymers of polysuccinimide. In a second embodiment, a polyamine was added to the reaction mix. These intermediate polysuccinimide copolymers could then be converted to the salts of copolymers of polyaspartic acid by hydrolysis with a hydroxide. Such copolymers are useful in preventing deposition of scale from water and find applications in treating water. Other applications include scale prevention additives for detergents. In addition, such copolymers inhibit dental tartar and plaque formation.

Copolymers of polyaspartic acid and polycarboxylic acids

Continuous process for polyaspartic acid synthesis

Polyaspartate, useful for inhibition of incrustations due to materials causing hardness in water and of value in detergent formulations, can be prepared by reacting malic acid, maleic acid or fumaric acid with ammonia, in a molar ratio of 1:1-2.1 at temperatures greater than 140.degree. C., followed by conversion of the polysuccinimide formed in this reaction to a salt of polyaspartic acid by basic hydrolysis.

Growing community of inventors

Rockville, MD, United States of America

Louis L Wood