Oki Data Corporation

Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd.

Meiji Co., Ltd.

Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology

Junichi Kawashima

Takaaki Ebe

Shigeyuki Imamura

Daiki Morimoto

Kazunaga Yazawa

Tomoyuki Susa

Shoji Gotoh

Yasuhito Tashiro

Kohei Jougataki

A charging device according to one or more embodiments may include: a charging member that is rotatable and provided to be in contact with a contact member. The charging member includes: a shaft; a surface layer to be in contact with the contact member and containing porous particles; and an elastic layer provided between the shaft and the surface layer. A ratio of convex portions formed by the porous particles on the surface layer to a surface area of the surface layer is 68.4% or more.

Charging device and image formation apparatus

The present invention provides a method for producing a composition containing 2-acyl-lysophosphatidylserine, including (a) a step of obtaining a composition containing phosphatidylserine by allowing phospholipase D to act on a raw material containing phosphatidylcholine in the presence of serine and (b) a step of obtaining a composition containing 2-acyl-lysophosphatidylserine by allowing phospholipase A1 to act on the composition containing phosphatidylserine in the presence of one or more additives selected from the group consisting of the following (I), (II), and (III), in which (I) one or more salts selected from the group consisting of sulfate salts, phosphate salts, nitrate salts, citrate salts, and tartarate salts of monovalent cations, (II) a gum, and (III) an emulsifier.

Composition containing 2-acyl-lysophosphatidylserine and method for producing the same

A developing device includes a developer supporting member having an elastic layer and a surface layer covering the elastic layer for supporting developer; and a developer layer regulating member arranged to abut against the surface layer for regulating a layer thickness of the developer on the surface layer. The surface layer contains at least carbon black. The developer supporting member is configured so that the following equation (1) is satisfied when the surface layer has a dynamic friction coefficient &#x3bc; between 0.4 and 0.9 (0.4&#x2266;&#x3bc;&#x2266;0.9) and a ten-point average roughness Rz (&#x3bc;m) between 2 &#x3bc;m and 6 &#x3bc;m (2&#x2266;Rz&#x2266;6):2&#x2266;&#x2266;0.5&#xd7;+3&#x2003;&#x2003;(1)where C is a content of the carbon black (weight parts relative to the surface layer of 100).

Developing device and image forming apparatus having developer layer regulating member

A development device includes an image carrier configured to develop an electrostatic latent image by using a developer, a development member configured to supply the developer to the image carrier, a developer supply member configured to supply the developer onto a surface of the development member, and a developer restriction member including a contact portion configured to form a developer layer on the surface of the development member while being in contact with the surface. A curvature radius R [mm] of the contact portion of the developer restriction member is 0.17 [mm] to 0.28 [mm], both inclusive, and an ASKER F hardness [&#xb0;] of the developer supply member is 181.82&#xd7;R+9.09&#x2266;F&#x2266;&#x2212;250&#xd7;R+130.

Development device and image formation apparatus

A developer supporting member includes a supporting layer for supporting developer. The supporting layer has a corona discharge resistivity of a specific value. The supporting layer is formed of an elastic layer and a surface layer. The surface layer includes a surface treated with a urethane solution.

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Tokyo, Japan

Junichi Kawashima