Government of the United States of America, As Represented by the Secretary of Commerce

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Joseph E Reiner

John J Kasianowicz

Joseph W Robertson

Daniel L Burden

Lisa Burden

Arvind K Balijepalli, Iii

Michael Gaitan

Laurie E Locascio

Wyatt N Vreeland

Andreas Jahn

Systems and methods for controlling the temperature of small volumes such as yoctoliter volumes, are described. The systems include one or more plasmonic nanostructures attached at or near a nanopore. Upon excitation of the plasmonic nanostructures, such as for example by exposure to laser light, the nanoparticles are rapidly heated thereby causing a change in the ionic conductance along the nanopore. The temperature change is determined from the ionic conductance. These temperature changes can be used to control rapid thermodynamic changes in molecular analytes as they interact with the nanopore.

Systems and methods for controlling temperature of small volumes

An apparatus to create a homogenous liposome population without post-processing using laminar flow/diffusive mixing, and for reducing waste discharge of the therapeutic or compound to be encapsulated and delivered by the liposomes.

Microfluidic apparatus to control liposome formation

Growing community of inventors

Fredericksburg, VA, United States of America

Joseph E Reiner