Gm Global Technolgoy Operations, Inc.

Delphi Technologies, Inc.

John Lewis Ayres

David Allan Peter

Rongrong Chen

Lu Zhang

Dell A Crouch, Jr

Richard M Bendert

An electrode comprising a noble-metal free grid comprising lead, wherein the grid has an essentially PbO free PbO coating covering all, or essentially all of the surface of the grid. Also described is a method of forming an electrode, comprising applying an essentially PbO free PbO coating to a noble-metal free grid comprising lead, wherein the coating covers all, or essentially all of the surface of the grid.

Electrode

A lead alloy coating for a positive grid of a lead acid battery is provided. The lead alloy coating includes a tin content of at least about 0.1%, but not more than about 3%; and a residual lead content. The lead alloy coating optionally includes a calcium content of at least about 0.01%, but not more than about 0.1%, with or without a silver content of at least about 0.01%, but not more than about 0.1%. Alternatively, the lead alloy coating optionally includes a barium content of at least about 0.01%, but not more than about 0.1%, with or without a silver content of at least about 0.01%, but not more than about 0.1%.

Lead alloy surface coating for positive lead-acid battery grids and methods of use

An apparatus and method are disclosed for equalizing individual module voltages in a multiple module battery pack during recharging. Two individual module voltages are compared, and charge redistribution is caused to occur by way of switched mode converters when the voltages are not equivalent. Switched mode converters may be of unidirectional or bidirectional topologies.

Distributed multi-module battery equalization

A two part battery recharge method first introduces stepped charge current to the battery to restore a majority of energy to a deeply discharged battery. Thereafter, relatively low frequency periodic charge currents and discharge currents interspersed with relaxation periods are introduced to the battery to effectuate efficient energy restoral and increased cycle life of the battery.

Growing community of inventors

Cicero, IN, United States of America

John Lewis Ayres