E.i. Dupont De Nemours and Company

Janine Fan

Bruce Aaron Diner

Vsevolod Rostovtsev

Salah Boussaad

Ajit Krishnan

Paul Joseph Fagan

Jelena Cirakovic

Carl Eugene Camp

Carl E Camp

Mechanical milling of biomass as a pretreatment to render the biomass readily saccharifiable requires high energy input. Preceding mechanical milling by treatment with anhydrous ammonia was found to greatly reduce the energy requirement for fine milling, providing a more economical pretreatment process for commercial use.

Anhydrous ammonia treatment for improved milling of biomass

Biomass is pretreated using an organic solvent solution under alkaline conditions in the presence of ammonia and optionally an additional nucleophile to fragment and extract lignin without loss of hemicellulose. Pretreated biomass is further hydrolyzed with a saccharification enzyme consortium. Fermentable sugars released by saccharification may be utilized for the production of target chemicals by fermentation.

Organic solvent pretreatment of biomass to enhance enzymatic saccharification

Biomass is pretreated using an organic solvent solution under alkaline conditions in the presence of one or more alkylamine and optionally one or more additional nucleophile to fragment and extract lignin. Pretreated biomass is further hydrolyzed with a saccharification enzyme consortium. Fermentable sugars released by saccharification may be utilized for the production of target chemicals by fermentation.

Biomass is pretreated using an organic solvent solution under alkaline conditions in the presence of one of more sulfide (hydrosulfide) salt and optionally one or more additional nucleophile to fragment and extract lignin. Pretreated biomass is further hydrolyzed with a saccharification enzyme consortium. Fermentable sugars released by saccharification may be utilized for the production of target chemicals by fermentation.

Biomass is pretreated using an organic solvent solution, under alkaline conditions, in the presence of one or more organo-mercaptan and optionally one or more additional nucleophile to fragment and extract lignin. Pretreated biomass is further hydrolyzed with a saccharification enzyme consortium. Fermentable sugars released by saccharification may be utilized for the production of target chemicals by fermentation.

Biomass is pretreated using an organic solvent solution under alkaline conditions in the presence of elemental sulfur and optionally one or more alkylamine and/or one or more additional nucleophile to fragment and extract lignin. Pretreated biomass is further hydrolyzed with a saccharification enzyme consortium. Fermentable sugars released by saccharification may be utilized for the production of target chemicals by fermentation.

Nanosensors for detecting analytes and methods of detecting analytes have been developed in which the redox potential of a redox effector in solution is altered thereby causing changes in carbon nanotube conductance. The analyte may be detected in solution, eliminating the need for immobilizing the analyte on a support.

Redox potential mediated carbon nanotubes biosensing in homogeneous format

This invention relates to the field of nanotechnology. Specifically the invention describes a nanosensor for the detection of an analyte in which the redox potential in solution is altered thereby causing changes in carbon nanotube conductance.

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Hockessin, DE, United States of America

Janine Fan