Akzo Nobel N.v.

Akzona Incorporated

Akko Nobel N.v.

Jan Gerardus Batelaan

Peter Marten Van Der Horst

Berend Jan Dijk

Herman Van Bekkum

David N Reinhoudt

Johannes F Engbersen

Willem Verboom

Erik Kelderman

Johannes Andreas Peters

Dorine Lisa Verraest

An anionic cellulose ether obtainable by a process comprising reacting an alkali metal cellulose with one or more reagents A selected from the group consisting of haloacetic acids, alkali metal haloacetates, alkali metal vinyl sulfonates, vinyl sulfonic acid, and precursors thereof, and one or more reagents B having the formula R &mdash;(OCH CH(R )) -P, wherein R represents hydrogen or a methyl group; n is 0-2; P represents a glycidyl ether group, a 1,2-epoxy group or a precursor thereof, if P represents a glycidyl ether group, R represents a linear C -C alkyl group, optionally containing an oxygen atom, a phenyl group, or a benzyl group, and if P represents a 1,2-epoxy group, R represents a linear C -C alkyl group, optionally containing an oxygen atom. Preferably, reagent A is chloroacetic acid and reagent B is n-butyl glycidyl ether. The invention also relates to the use of said anionic cellulose ether as an associative thickener, rheology modifier or stabilizer.

Anionic cellulose ethers having temperature-dependent associative properties

A hydrophobically modified anionic cellulose ether obtainable by a process comprising reacting an alkali metal cellulose with at least three alkylating reagents A, B, and C. Reagent A is selected from the group of haloacetic acids, alkali metal haloacetates, alkali metal vinyl sulfonates, and vinyl sulfonic acid. Reagent B has the formula R &mdash;(OCH CH(R )) &mdash;P, wherein R represents a C -C group, R is hydrogen or a methyl group, n is 0-2, and P represents a glycidyl ether group, a 3-halo-2-hydroxypropyl ether group, a 1,2-epoxy group, or a halide, and reagent C has the formula R &mdash;(OCH CH(R )) &mdash;P, wherein R represents a C -C group, m is 0-10, and R and P have the meaning as described above.

Hydrophobically modified anionic cellulose ethers

Method of making amide modified carboxyl-containing polysaccharide and

Carboxymethyl inulin

The invention relates to an optically non-linear active waveguiding material comprising an optically transparent polymer and a non-linear optical dopant comprising more than one donor-.pi.-acceptor unit. Dopants comprising more than one donor-.pi.-acceptor unit, especially dopants in which the donor-.pi.-acceptor units are positioned in a cyclic group, have a high hyperpolarizability and a charge-transfer absorption band wavelength which is about the same as that of dopants with only one donor-.pi.-acceptor unit. Especially suitable dopants for use are calix(4)arenes. These are provided with acceptor groups at the upper rim and with donor groups at the lower rim. In addition to having excellent hyperpolarizability, these compounds were found to be readily soluble in host polymers, such as polymethylene (meth) acrylate and polystyrene. Because of their charge-transfer absorption band at a low wavelength, optically non-linear active waveguiding structures containing such dopants are suitable for use as frequency doublers. The invention further relates to hitherto undisclosed calix(4)arenes functionalized with nitrostilbene groups, cyanostilbene groups, sulfor stilbene groups, sulfonate stilbene groups, azobenzenes or benzylidene aniline compounds.

Optically non-linear active waveguiding material comprising a dopant

A process is provided for making a triester of citric acid wherein the cyanohydrin of an acetone dicarboxylic acid diester is reacted with 1 to 3 molar equivalents of an aliphatic alcohol having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and at least two molar equivalents of anhydrous hydrogen chloride in an inert halogenated organic solvent for the cyanohydrin diester at not above 50.degree.C. to form an imino ether, removing excess hydrogen chloride, adding water to form a two-phase system, separating the organic and water phases and recovering the resulting triester from the organic phase. The triester may be hydrolyzed into citric acid or a salt of citric acid in an acid or alkaline medium.

Process for the preparation of citric acid esters, citric acid or citric

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Westervoort, Netherlands

Jan Gerardus Batelaan