Texaco Inc.

James R Pascoe

Mitri S Najjar

Erven J Kuhlmann

Ralph Garcia

Stephen R Vasconcellos

James E Browne

Kevin J Martin

Christopher J Thom

The selective conversion by skeletal isomerization over steam pretreated ferrierite zeolite-based catalysts having pore sizes of at least about 4.2 Angstroms and a pore structure characterized by intersecting 10-MR and 8-MR channels. The steam pretreated ferrierite zeolite-based catalysts have sufficient acidity to catalyze the skeletal isomerization of normal olefins. The catalysts can be used to produce isoolefins for reaction with alcohols in integrated processes to produce tertiary amyl methyl ethers such as TAME.

Skeletal isomerization of n-pentenes to isopentene on pretreated zeolites

Normal olefins such as n-butene can be converted to branched species by skeletal isomerization over catalysts containing solid acids prepared by sulfating catalyst precursors containing hydrous metal oxides--e.g., aluminas, silica-aluminas or clays treated with sulfuric acid, metal sulfates, sulfur trioxide or organic sulfates. The catalyst precursors are sulfated sufficiently to produce the desired skeletal isomerization without substantial cracking under suitable isomerization conditions.

Sulfated catalyst for skeletal isomerization of olefins

A method for preparing a high-solids concentration low rank coal slurry by dehydrating the coal, treating the dehydrated coal with a rehydrating inhibitor such as a (C.sub.3 -C.sub.12) straight chain hydrocarbon, and adding a surfactant to the treated coal, whereby the concentration of the solids is increased from about 5 to about 20 wt. %.

Preparation of a high-solids concentration low rank coal slurry

A method for preparing a high-solids concentration low rank coal slurry by dehydrating the coal, treating the dehydrated coal with a rehydrating inhibitor such as a (C.sub.3 -C.sub.12) alcohol and adding a surfactant to the treated coal, whereby the concentration of the solids is increased from about 5 to about 20 wt. %.

Rehydrating inhibitors for preparation of high-solids concentration low

An aqueous dispersion of unreacted particulate petroleum coke substantially comprising carbon and containing a small amount of ash substantially comprising vanadium constituents and other materials from a process for the partial oxidation of petroleum coke to produce synthesis gas is mixed with a K.sup.+ amyl xanthate vanadium collection agent and a frothing agent. After pH adjustment, if necessary, the mixture is subjected to aeration with or without mechanical agitation in a froth flotation zone. About 70 to 95 wt. % of the unconverted particulate petroleum coke particles (basis carbon) float in the froth layer that is formed. The remainder of the unconverted petroleum coke comprising coarser particles is suspended in a bottom aqueous dispersion on which the froth layer floats. In addition, selective separation of the vanadium constituents in the unconverted petroleum coke ash takes place. The vanadium content of the ash in the floated portion of unconverted petroleum coke is unexpectedly decreased about 50 to 85 weight percent. Simultaneously, the vanadium content of the ash in the unconverted petroleum coke suspended in the bottom layer of aqueous dispersion is unexpectedly increased about 50 to 85 weight percent. Water may be recovered from this aqueous dispersion and recycled to the gas quench cooling and scrubbing zones. At least portions of the unconverted particulate petroleum coke from the foam layer and the bottom layer are recycled to the partial oxidation gas generator and to a vanadium recovery zone, respectively. By the subject process, the vanadium content in the recycle stream of unconverted petroleum coke to the gas generator is reduced. The life of the refractory lining of the gas generator is thereby extended.

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Wappingers Falls, NY, United States of America

James R Pascoe