Michigan State University

Other

Atlantic Richfield Company

Signa Chemistry, Inc.

James E Jackson

Dennis J Miller

Christopher M Saffron

Mikhail Y Redko

Shubham P Chopade

Chun Ho Lam

Kirthivasan Nagarajan

Dushyant Shekhawat

Michael Lefenfeld

James L Dye

Simona Marincean

Partha Nandi

Christopher W Kiesling

Angela M Clark

Atulkumar D Dhale

John G Frye

Todd A Werpy

Alan H Zacher

Eric Linke Hegg

Samuel C Lynch

Volodymyr Tarabara

Ronald P Barros

Junius D Allen

Prashant B Kokitkar

Julius Michael Jackson

Robert H Langford

Garry C Gunter

Scott M Perry

Leo Lacivita

Anne Nathan Jackson John

Kyle Matthew Kilponen

Man Sang Tam

Kimberly Lenora Mitchell Jackson

Grace Elizabeth Klinger

André Adam Jackson

Zhenglong Li

Zhigang Zhang

Julian Taurozzi

Nancy J Seiler

Paul T Fanson

A method for hydrolyzing cellulosic material includes combining the cellulosic material with a sulfonated polyaromatic catalyst in water to at least partially hydrolyze the cellulosic material and to form a monosaccharide hydrolysis product, thereby forming a reaction mixture including (i) an aqueous phase with the monosaccharide hydrolysis product in solution therein, and (ii) a dispersed phase including the sulfonated polyaromatic catalyst as well as any non-hydrolyzed cellulosic material. The sulfonated polyaromatic catalyst includes a mixture of partially sulfonated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that is substantially insoluble in the aqueous phase, thus providing it with an affinity for the water-insoluble cellulosic substrate where it preferentially exhibits its catalytic hydrolytic activity. The monosaccharide hydrolysis product can be recovered from the aqueous phase of the reaction mixture.

Methods for cellulose hydrolysis using sulfonated polyaromatic catalysts

The disclosure relates to methods for extracting lignin from lignocellulosic biomass using volatile trialkylamines. A lignocellulosic biomass is combined with an aqueous extraction solution including the trialkylamine and water to provide a biomass extraction mixture that can at least partially extract lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass. The method further includes removing the trialkylamine from the biomass extraction mixture. The method further relates to the utilization of the resulting materials. For example, the lignin extract can be used to make carbon fibers, carbon-carbon materials, or polyamines. The delignified biomass can be used as feed for animals, fungi and/or bacteria. Also, the cellulosic or carbohydrate components of the delignified biomass can be hydrolyzed into pentoses and/or hexoses, which can be used as a feed or starting material for the subsequent conversion into other products. Acetic acid, removed from the biomass in form of trialkylammonium acetate, can be recovered from the mixture for further use or conversion into other chemicals.

Lignin extraction with volatile trialkylamines

The bicycle with security features includes a frame, a cable lock, a pedal lock, a motion alarm, a GPS tracker, a solar cell array, a smart phone interface, a battery, and a battery charger. The frame may house anti-theft and rider safety features. The cable lock and the pedal lock may prevent a bicycle from being moved by thieves. The motion alarm may produce an alert if the bicycle is disturbed. The GPS tracker may determine and report the location of the bicycle. The anti-theft and rider safety features may be controlled from a smart phone.

Bicycle with security features

The disclosure relates to methods for electrochemical reductive carboxylation of an unsaturated organic substrate to form a dicarboxylic organic product. The unsaturated organic substrate is electrochemically reduced with a carbon dioxide reactant in an ionically conductive, water-immiscible reactant medium to form the dicarboxylic organic product. The dicarboxylic organic product is recovered in an aqueous product medium. Example dicarboxylic organic products include phthalic acid, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, thiophene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, pyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, adipic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, and 1,12-dodecanedioic acid.

Electrochemical reductive carboxylation of unsaturated organic substrates in ionically conductive mediums

The disclosure relates to methods of forming a dihydrochalcone using electrocatalytic dehydrogenation. In particular, the disclosure relates to methods of forming a dihydrochalcone electrocatalytically hydrogenating (ECH) a reactant compound over a catalytic cathode in a reaction medium having a non-alkaline pH value, thereby forming a dihydrochalcone product; wherein the reactant compound has a structure according to Formula (I). The method can be used to prepare dihydrochalcone sweeteners, such as, for example, naringin dihydrochalcone and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone.

Electrocatalytic synthesis of dihydrochalcones

The disclosure relates to an electrolyzer reactor suitable for the reduction of organic compounds. The reactor includes a membrane electrode assembly with freestanding metallic meshes which serve both as metallic electrode structures for electron transport as well as catalytic surfaces for electron generation and organic compound reduction. Suitable organic compounds for reduction include oxygenated and/or unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds, in particular those characteristic of bio-oil (e.g., alone or a multicomponent mixtures). The reactor and related methods provide a resource- and energy-efficient approach to organic compound reduction, in particular for bio-oil mixtures which can be conveniently upgraded at or near their point of production with minimal or no transportation.

Electrolyzer reactor and related methods

A process and related electrode composition are disclosed for the electrocatalytic hydrogenation and/or hydrodeoxygenation of biomass-derived bio-oil components by the production of hydrogen atoms on a catalyst surface followed by the reaction of the hydrogen atoms with the organic compounds in bio-oil. The catalyst is a metal supported on a monolithic high surface area material such as activated carbon cloth. Electrocatalytic hydrogenation and/or hydrodeoxygenation stabilizes the bio-oil under mild conditions to reduce coke formation and catalyst deactivation. The process converts oxygen-containing functionalities and unsaturated bonds into chemically reduced forms with an increased hydrogen content. The process is operated at mild conditions, which enables it to be a good means for stabilizing bio-oil to a form that can be stored and transported using metal containers and pipes.

Electrocatalytic hydrogenation and hydrodeoxygenation of oxygenated and unsaturated organic compounds

The disclosure relates to a method for depolymerizing lignin. The method includes reacting a lignin compound with a thiol compound to depolymerize the lignin compound and to form a depolymerized lignin product having a reduced molecular weight relative to the lignin compound prior to reacting. The method can further include forming an oxidized thiol reaction product between two thiol groups from one or more thiol compounds, and then reducing the oxidized thiol reaction product to re-form or regenerate the thiol compound for further lignin depolymerization.

Methods for lignin depolymerization using thiols

A gird compression garment designed to provide compressive support extending throughout the cervical and thoracic portions of the wearer's spine so as to help relieve pain and to help promote healing from muscular/skeletal ailments and injuries. This gird compression garment is constructed of a resiliently flexible and stretchable material and includes a cervical collar that extends to the base of the skull of a wearer and a fastening device adapted to vary the amount of compressive force exerted by the garment.

Gird compression tensioning garment with cervical collar

A gird compression hip tensioning garment designed to provide compressive support extending throughout the acetabulofemoral and mid-gluteal portions of a wearer's lower torso so as to help relieve pain and to help promote healing from muscular/skeletal ailments and injuries of the mid-body of a wearer. This gird compression garment is constructed of a resiliently flexible and stretchable material and includes a ligature panel extending from approximately the sacrum of the spine of the wearer to the base of the gluteus medius, and a fastening device adapted to vary the amount of compressive force exerted by the garment.

Gird compression hip tensioning garment

Safety belt

Safety vest

A process and related electrode composition are disclosed for the electrocatalytic hydrogenation and/or hydrodeoxygenation of organic substrates such as biomass-derived bio-oil components by the production of hydrogen atoms on a catalyst surface followed by the reaction of the hydrogen atoms with the organic reactants. Biomass fast pyrolysis-derived bio-oil is a liquid mixture containing hundreds of organic compounds with chemical functionalities that are corrosive to container materials and are prone to polymerization. A high surface area skeletal metal catalyst material such as Raney Nickel can be used as the cathode. Electrocatalytic hydrogenation and/or hydrodeoxygenation convert the organic substrates under mild conditions to reduce coke formation and catalyst deactivation. The process converts oxygen-containing functionalities and unsaturated bonds into chemically reduced forms with an increased hydrogen content. The process is operated at mild conditions, which enables it to be a good means for stabilizing bio-oil to a form that can be stored and transported using metal containers and pipes.

The invention relates to a method for removing an alkyl sulfonyl or aryl sulfonyl protecting group from a primary or secondary amine by contacting an alkyl sulfonamide or an aryl sulfonamide with a Stage 0 or Stage I alkali metal-silica gel material in the presence of a solid proton source under conditions sufficient to form the corresponding amine. The invention also relates to a method for removing an alkyl sulfonyl or aryl sulfonyl protecting group from a primary or secondary amine by a) reacting an alkyl sulfonamide or an aryl sulfonamide with a Stage 0 or Stage I alkali metal-silica gel material, and b) subsequently reacting the reaction product from step a) with an electrophile or a proton source. Preferred Stage 0 or Stage I alkali metal-silica gel materials include Na, KNa, and NaK.

Method for deprotecting aryl or alkyl sulfonamides of primary or secondary amines

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Haslett, MI, United States of America

James E Jackson