Lucent Technologies Inc.

Alcatel Lucent

Alcatel-lucent USA Inc.

Agere Systems Guardian Corp.

University of Oregon

Lgs Innovations LLC

Howard Roy Stuart

Frieder Heinrich Baumann

Mihaela Dinu

James Albert Walker

Daniel Charles Kilper

Alex Pidwerbetsky

Dan Fuchs

Ho Bun Chan

Christopher Richard Doerr

Peter Johannes Winzer

Wayne Harvey Knox

Christophe Jean Dorrer

Brandon C Collings

Chunhui Xu

Michael Raymer

Hernando Garcia

An antenna comprises a ring-shaped radiofrequency resonator that defines a path for a circulating magnetic current. In an implementation, the resonator has a height of no more than 2% of an operating wavelength, and it has an electromagnetic resonance at the operating frequency. In an implementation, the antenna is of a type having a vertical, short electric dipole radiation or sensitivity pattern. It comprises, as the dominant radiative element, a ring of material disposed transverse to the vertical dipole axis and having an average magnetic permeability more than ten times the magnetic permeability of air. The ring has a maximum outer diameter and a height that is less than the maximum outer diameter. The antenna further includes a feed structure adapted to couple radiofrequency energy into and/or out of a magnetic current circulating in the ring.

Low-aspect antenna having a vertical electric dipole field pattern

In one embodiment, the present invention is a dual-polarized antenna array constructed from first and second instances of a planar antenna that are co-located and orthogonal to one another. The planar antenna comprises three conducting elements and a transmission line. The first conducting element comprises a straight segment and two arms of equal length. The proximal ends of the two arms are attached to opposite ends of the straight segment. The arms extend away from the second and third conducting elements and towards one another. The second and third conducting elements are separated by a gap and together form a mirror image of the first conducting element. The transmission line has first and second conductors that are coupled to the second and third conducting elements, respectively. In another embodiment, the present invention is a tri-polarized antenna array constructed from three orthogonal co-located instances of the planar antenna.

Multi-polarized antenna array

A representative embodiment of the invention provides an antenna having an electrically conducting ground plane and an array of electrically conducting strips located at an offset distance from the ground plane. Electrically conducting pathways, each attached to the middle portion of the corresponding strip, connect the strips to the ground plane. Electrically conducting lips, each attached to an edge of the corresponding conducting strip, extend about halfway toward the ground plane. The size of the array is smaller than the wavelength of the fundamental radiation mode supported by the antenna. Advantageously, the antenna has a bandwidth about three times larger than that of a comparably sized prior-art patch antenna.

Strip-array antenna

An antenna is provided for operating within the electrically small antenna regime (i.e., ka&#x2245;0.5), and having bandwidth performance quite close to fundamental limits. The antenna of the invention, in various embodiments, is based upon spherical resonator structures that are characterized by a performance factor (Q/Q,) close to 1.5. The antenna combines a resonator structure determined according to the method of the invention with an appropriate transmission line feeding arrangement, such that the resonator effectively couples the transmission line mode to the radiating spherical harmonic mode in an impedance-matched manner.

Small spherical antennas

An optical data signal can be sampled by linearly combining the optical data signal with optical sampling pulses, and delivering the combination to first and second balanced detectors. The optical data signal and the optical sampling pulse are configured to have a first phase difference at the first balanced detector and a second phase difference at the second balanced detector. Typically, a difference between the first phase difference and the second phase difference is configured to be about 90 degrees. In-phase and quadrature balanced detector outputs can be combined as a sum of squares to produce a linear sampling signal representative of data signal intensity, and the sample pulses can be configured to temporally step through the optical data signal so that a sampled representation of the optical data signal is obtained.

Linear optical sampling methods and apparatus

An optical performance monitor (OPM), e.g., for use in an optical network. The OPM may be configured to characterize one or more impairments in an optical signal modulated with data. The OPM has an optical autocorrelator configured to sample the autocorrelation function of the optical signal, e.g., using two-photon absorption. Autocorrelation points at various bit delays independently or in combination with average optical power may be used to detect and/or quantify one or more of the following: loss of data modulation, signal contrast, pulse broadening, peak power fluctuations, timing jitter, and deviations from the pseudo-random character of data. In addition, the OPM may be configured to perform Fourier transformation based on the autocorrelation points to obtain corresponding spectral components. The spectral components may be used to detect and/or quantify one or more of chromatic dispersion, polarization mode dispersion, and misalignment of a pulse carver and data modulator. The OPM may be further configured to generate feedback, e.g., to network operators to improve network performance.

Performance monitoring in an optical communication system

An optical performance monitor (OPM) adapted to (i) sample an autocorrelation function corresponding to an optical signal transmitted in an optical network and (ii) based on the sampling, characterize two or more impairments concurrently present in the optical signal. In one embodiment, the OPM has an optical autocorrelator (OAC) coupled to a signal processor (SP). The OAC receives the optical signal from the network, generates two or more samples of its autocorrelation function, and applies said samples to the SP. The SP processes the samples and generates two or more signal metrics. Based on the signal metrics and reference data corresponding to the impairments, the SP then obtains a measure of each of the impairments.

Performance monitoring based on optical autocorrelation

A high-sensitivity signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) determining apparatus measures the in-band SNR of an optical data signal by detecting and demodulating the optical signal and analyzing a narrow bandwidth of the resulting electrical data spectrum at half the data clock frequency, or more generally, a predetermined frequency equal to a multiple M of one-half the clock frequency, f/2, where M is an integer equal to or greater than one, may be used. When the optical signal is a WDM signal, a tunable filter isolates a single channel for detection. The detected electrical signal is subjected to both an in-phase and quadrature narrowband RF demodulation using a local oscillator at precisely half the clock frequency. Using this technique, the magnitude of the data portion of the optical signal becomes the in-phase component and the magnitude of the noise present in the optical signal becomes the quadrature component. The ratio of the two demodulated signal components (in-phase and quadrature) is proportional to the SNR of the detected signal. The technique is inherently narrowband and offers very high sensitivity and does not require an optical pre-amplifier.

Apparatus and method for monitoring signal-to-noise ratio in optical transmission systems

A monolithic waveguide/MEMS switch is disclosed that has a waveguide portion and a MEMS mirror portion fabricated on a single substrate, such as a as a silicon-on-insulator wafer. The monolithic waveguide/MEMS switch adjusts the phase of an optical signal by varying the position of one or more moveable mirrors. The mirror portion includes a mirror having a reflective surface that is attached to at least one MEMS actuator to achieve in-plane motion of the mirror (moves parallel to a plane of said at least one waveguide). In one implementation, the MEMS actuator is embodied as a known comb drive actuator. The phase adjustment techniques of the present invention may be employed in various optical devices, including wavelength selective optical switches that support multiple optical channels.

Monolithic waveguide/MEMS switch

In one embodiment, a waveguide lens of the invention has a pair of planar waveguides, e.g., a single-mode waveguide connected to a multimode waveguide. The widths of the two waveguides and the length of the multimode waveguide are selected such that particular mode coupling between the waveguides and multimode interference (MMI) effects in the multimode waveguide cause the latter to output a converging beam of light similar to that produced by a conventional waveguide lens. Advantageously, waveguide lenses of the invention may be used to implement low-loss, low-crosstalk waveguide crossings and/or compact waveguide turns. In addition, waveguide lenses of the invention can be readily and cost-effectively incorporated into waveguide devices designated for large-scale production.

Optical device having a waveguide lens with multimode interference

An antenna comprises a resonator and a waveguide. The resonator comprises at least one body having a negative effective electrical permittivity or a negative magnetic permeability when a resonance is excited therein by electromagnetic radiation lying in some portion of the microwave spectrum. A termination of the waveguide is situated adjacent the resonator. The resonator is conformed such that at the resonance, there is efficient coupling between the resonator and the waveguide.

Miniaturized antennas based on negative permittivity materials

An optical device has at least one waveguide with at least one adjacent resonator, where the distance between the resonator and the waveguide can be controllably adjusted to change the optical coupling between the resonator and the waveguide. When implemented as part of an interferometer, the ability to adjust the waveguide/resonator distance&#x2014;and thereby the optical coupling between them&#x2014;provides a mechanically tunable interferometer.

Mechanically tunable optical devices such as interferometers

A structure and method of enhancing optical emissions and optical energy comprising a metal layer having a first surface comprising a plurality of voids, said voids having a dimension less than the wavelength of optical energy being processed.

Structure and method for processing optical energy

An optical transmission system is provided which uses optical single-sideband (SSB) modulation and incorporates at least one mid-span analog SSB regenerator arranged to produce a phase conjugation of the transmitted signal. The phase conjugation technique, referred to here as complementary sideband regeneration (CSR), is accomplished on the retransmitted optical signal in the electrical domain, and requires no nonlinear optical techniques.

Growing community of inventors

East Windsor, NJ, United States of America

Howard Roy Stuart