Akzo N.v.

Horst Schurmann

Gunter Poppel

Axel Vogts

Marek Gorzynski

Hasan Ulubay

Hans G Schafer

Heinz Opdenwinkel

Wolfgang Cieslik

Klaus Schloter

Hans-Joachim Weissen

Hans-Georg Schaffer

Hans G Scafer

The process is disclosed for the manufacture of briquettes in which an essentially solid fuel material such as hard coal, coke, soft coal, charcoal or more particularly, anthracite, and other coals of low volatility are mixed in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol and calcium oxide and/or magnesium oxide, as well as at least 1 percent by weight of water, and formed into briquettes. The calcium oxide is preferably caustic lime. The polyvinyl alcohol is preferably applied as an aqueous solution. The briquettes so formed are characterized by high initial crush resistance, i.e. the solidity shortly after the briquetting process, by high abrasion resistance, easy handling and, in the event that anthracite is employed, a carbon tar index of less than 50. The waste gases emitted during the burning of these briquettes have a distinctly reduced SO.sub.2 content.

Fuel briquettes

Cationic sizing agents for paper are manufactured by reaction of alpha-olefins with maleix anhydride, imidation of the resulting copolymer with a polyamine having at least one tertiary and one primary amino group, and quaternization of the imide with epichlorohydrin in the presence of water. Copolymers with an average molecular weight of 3000 to 30,000 are used for the conversion into imide. 1 to 50% of the amino groups of the resulting polymeric imide-amine are neutralized with an acid; after partial neutralization, the mixture is diluted with water to a 5 to 50 weight-% emulsion, then quaternized with epichlorohydrin. The sizing agent is especially suitable as a surface-sizing agent and for the sizing of paper from secondary fibers.

Paper sizing agents, the manufacture and use of same

Anionic polyurethanes are produced by reacting an aliphatic dihydroxy compound, which has an aliphatic substituent with at least 10 carbon atoms, with a polyisocyanate to form a prepolymer with an NCO end group, and for the purpose of chain lengthening, by reacting the prepolymer with an aliphatic diol, which carries an acid group capable of salt formation, and by converting the said acid group totally or partially into a salt. In the production of the polyurethane, polyether compounds with at least one OH group, particularly polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol, are used additionally. The resulting anionic polyurethanes are particularly suitable as a sizing agent for paper and permit sizing in the acid pH region as well; the sizing agent is furthermore less sensitive to polyvalent cations such as calcium and aluminum ions.

Anionic polyurethanes

Paper, especially wet- or dry-creped paper, is manufactured with a high rate of absorption of aqueous media by using carboxylic acid esters of carboxylic acids with 8 to 30 carbon atoms and at least one of ethoxylated and/or propoxylated primary and/or secondary alcohols with 12 to 40 C atoms, ethoxylated and/or propoxylated alkyl phenols, ethoxylated and/or propoxylated amines, and ethoxylated and/or propoxylated amides, with a degree of ethoxylation or propoxylation of 3 to 50; and/or by using polyethers obtained from the reaction of long-chain epoxides with 8 to 30 carbon atoms and at least one of ethoxylated and/or propoxylated primary and/or secondary alcohols with 12 to 40 C atoms, ethoxylated and/or propoxylated alkyl phenols, ethoxylated and/or propoxylated amines, and ethoxylated and/or propoxylated amides, with a degree of ethoxylation or propoxylation of 3 to 50.

Method for increasing the absorption rate of paper

Fuel briquettes containing binding agents and additives, obtained by briquetting 80-99% by weight of an essentially solid fuel, 0.1-19% by weight of a natural or synthetic binding agent and 0.1-10% of a cationic polyurethane obtained by a monomeric aliphatic dihydroxy compound, which has at one of its two atoms bonding the two dihydroxy groups an aliphatic residue with minimum 10 carbon atoms, being reacted with a polyisocyanate and an aliphatic monomeric diol containing tertiary nitrogen which in the obtaining of the cationic polyurethane is rearranged into its ammonium phase, or obtained by reacting the monomeric aliphatic dihydroxy compound with a polyisocyanate and an appropriate aliphatic monomeric diol in which the nitrogen is present already in its ammonium state. The briquets are obtained by commingling and forming into briquets, in a known manner, the mentioned components. Preferred embodiments include use of charcoal or brown coal as solid fuel; use of brown coal containing 5-10% of a natural constituent as binding agent; the natural constituent being bitumen; colding mixing the comminuted fuel, binding agent and cationic polyurethane; and use of polyvinyl alcohol as synthetic binding agent, particularly having a viscosity from 0.003 Pas to 0.07 Pas, and particularly with a weight ratio of cationic polyurethane to polyvinyl alcohol from 1:3 to 3:1.

Fuel briquets

Fuel briquets containing binding agents and additives are obtained by briquetting of approximately 80 to 99% by weight of an essentially solid fuel, approximately 0.1 to 19% by weight of a natural or synthetic binding agent and approximately 0.1 to 10% by weight, calculated on a dry basis, of a cationic resin obtained by reacting polyamines with halohydrin.

Growing community of inventors

Duren, Germany

Horst Schurmann