Amazon Technologies, Inc.

Hadar Averbuch Elor

Rahul Bhotika

Amit Adam

Shai Mazor

Stefano Soatto

Oron Anschel

Gal Sabina Star

Or Perel

Andrea Olgiati

Shahar Tsiper

Wendy Tse

Vijay Mahadevan

Kunwar Yashraj Singh

Mohammed El Hamalawi

Roee Litman

Omri Ben-Eliezer

Techniques for document rectification via homography recovery using machine learning are described. An image rectification system can intelligently make use of multiple pipelines for rectifying document images based on the detected type of device that generated the images. The image rectification system can provide high-quality rectifications without requiring human cooperation, multiple views of the document in multiple images, and/or without being constrained to only be able to process images from one source context.

Document rectification via homography recovery using machine learning

Techniques for auto-generation of annotated real-world training data are described. An electronic document is analyzed to determine text represented in the document and corresponding locations of the text. A representation of the electronic document is modified to include markers and printed. The printed document is photographed in real-world environments, and the markers within the digital photographs are analyzed to allow for the depiction of the document within the photographs to be rectified. The text and location data are used to annotate the rectified images.

Auto-annotation techniques for text localization

Techniques for grammar-based automated generation of annotated synthetic form training data for machine learning are described. A training data generation engine utilizes a defined grammar to construct a layout for a form, select key-value units to place within the layout, and select attribute variants for the key-value units. The form is rendered and stored at a storage location, where it can be provided along with other similarly-generated forms to be used as training data for a machine learning model.

Grammar-based automated generation of annotated synthetic form training data for machine learning

Techniques for automated form understanding via layout-agnostic identification of keys and corresponding values are described. An embedding generator creates embeddings of pixels from an image including a representation of a form. The generated embeddings are similar for pixels within a same key-value unit, and far apart for pixels not in a same key-value unit. A weighted bipartite graph is constructed including a first set of nodes corresponding to keys of the form and a second set of nodes corresponding to values of the form. Weights for the edges are determined based on an analysis of distances between ones of the embeddings. The graph is partitioned according to a scheme to identify pairings between the first set of nodes and the second set of nodes that produces a minimum overall edge weight. The pairings indicate keys and values that are associated within the form.

Automated form understanding via layout agnostic identification of keys and corresponding values

Techniques for layout-agnostic clustering-based classification of document keys and values are described. A key-value differentiation unit generates feature vectors corresponding to text elements of a form represented within an electronic image using a machine learning (ML) model. The ML model was trained utilizing a loss function that separates keys from values. The feature vectors are clustered into at least two clusters, and a cluster is determined to include either keys of the form or values of the form via identifying neighbors between feature vectors of the cluster(s) with labeled feature vectors.

Layout-agnostic clustering-based classification of document keys and values

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Raanana, Israel

Hadar Averbuch Elor