Urea Casale Sa

Ammonia Casale Sa

Other

Urea Casale

Methanol Casale Sa

Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V.

Universitá Degli Studi Di Milano-Bicocca

Hydro-quebec

Casale Chemicals Sa

Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale Per La Scienza E Tecnologia Dei Materiali Instm

Ureaecasale S.a.

Urfa Casale S.a.

Giorgio Pagani

Umberto Zardi

Federico Zardi

Ermanno Filippi

Gerhard Schottner

Domenico Romiti

Luca Beverina

Uwe Posset

Claudio Maria Mari

Karim Zaghib

Abdelbast Guerfi

Enrico Rizzi

Michel Perrier

Martin Dontigny

Jean-François Labrecque

Alessandro Abbotto

Riccardo Ruffo

Matteo Marco Salamone

Ayse Cochet

Ricardo Ruffo

Giorgio Patriarca

Bettina Herbig

A flexible transparent electrochromic device, which includes the following components, each of which is a flexible film: a working electrode comprising a transparent conducting substrate supporting an working electrode active material; a counter electrode including a transparent conducting substrate supporting a counter electrode active material; a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) including a solution of a lithium salt in a polymer solvent. A method for preparing an electrochromic device includes the steps of: preparing a working electrode film, preparing a counter electrode film, preparing a polymer electrolyte film, and assembling the electrodes and the electrolyte, the method being implemented continuously.

Flexible transparent electrochomic device, and a method for the preparation thereof

The present invention relates to a method for the preparation of a novel hybrid electrochromic coating material with superior performance in terms of transparency, electrochromic contrast, coloration efficiency, and adhesion, for a use in electrochromic devices for applications where a high transparency is required in the bleached state.

Highly transparent electrochromic coating material, method for producing the same and use of the material

A method for revamping a urea plant of the type comprising a synthesis section () having a urea synthesis reactor (), a thermal stripping unit () and at least one horizontal condensation unit (), a treatment section () operating at medium pressure and a recovery section () operating at low pressure foresees the transformation of said at least one horizontal condensation unit () into a vertical condensation unit of the submerged type comprising a tube bundle and the provision of means () for feeding a flow comprising ammonia and carbon dioxide in vapor phase and a flow of condensation liquid comprising carbamate simultaneously and independently in each of the tubes of said tube bundle with circulation inside said tubes in equicurrent from the bottom towards the top, and means () for feeding at least one part of the feed carbon dioxide into said stripping unit () for use as stripping agent. Thanks to the present revamping method, the efficiency of the condensation unit () is substantially improved, consequently allowing an increase in its capacity and it is possible to leave out the medium pressure treatment section () thus obtaining a reduction in energy and maintenance costs.

Method for the modernization of a urea production plant

A horizontal chemical reactor comprises at least one catalytic bed (-) arranged horizontally in the reactor and comprising a lower gas-permeable wall () for gas outlet, and a holding element () of the at least one catalytic bed.

Horizontal chemical reactor, in particular for methanol synthesis

A process for producing melamine crystals at high pureness is distinguished by the fact that it comprises a crystallisation step of a flow comprising substantially pure melt melamine by cooling with liquid ammonia and a thickening step of the resulting suspension of melamine crystals in liquid ammonia by separation of a portion of the liquid ammonia present in said suspension, whereby the liquid ammonia separated in said thickening step is reused as coolant in the crystallisation step.

Process for the production of melamine crystals at high pureness

In a process for the production of urea, substantially pure ammonia and carbon dioxide are reacted in a reaction space ( ) from which comes out a reaction mixture subjected to stripping ( ) to obtain a partially purified mixture sent to a urea recovery section ( ). From the recovery section ( ) it is obtained a dilute carbamate solution, which is subjected to stripping ( ) with recycling of vapors to the reaction space ( ) after condensation ( ). This process achieves high conversion yield with reduced energy consumption and low implementation costs.

Process and plant for the production of urea with high conversion yield and low energy consumption

A method for the modernization of a plant for urea production of the type comprising a reactor ( ) for urea synthesis, a stripping unit ( ) with carbon dioxide and at least one vertical condensation unit ( ) of the film type, foresees the provision of means ( ) for feeding a major portion of a flow comprising ammonia and carbon dioxide in vapor phase leaving the stripping unit ( ) to the condensation unit ( ) and the provision in said condensation unit ( ) of means ( ) for subjecting to substantially total condensation such major portion of the flow comprising ammonia and carbon dioxide in vapour phase, obtaining a flow comprising urea and carbamate in aqueous solution, then fed to the reactor ( ) for urea synthesis. Thanks to the present method of modernisation, the efficiency of the condensation unit ( ) is remarkably improved, thus permitting an increase of its capacity.

Method for modernizing a urea production plant

A process for the combined production of ammonia and urea of the type comprising an ammonia synthesis reactor ( ), a urea synthesis reactor ( ) and a urea recovery section ( ) stands out for the fact of submitting at least a part of a flow comprising carbamate in aqueous solution coming from the urea recovery section ( ) to a partial decomposition treatment, to obtain a flow comprising ammonia and carbon dioxide in vapor phase and a flow comprising diluted carbamate in aqueous solution, which is fed together with a gas flow comprising hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide, preferably obtained by hydrocarbons steam reforming, and a flow comprising ammonia coming from the ammonia synthesis reactor ( ) to a carbamate synthesis section ( ), where ammonia and carbon dioxide are caused to react, to obtain a flow comprising carbamate in aqueous solution and a gas flow comprising hydrogen and nitrogen. The flow comprising carbamate in aqueous solution is then sent to the urea synthesis reactor ( ), while the gas flow comprising hydrogen and nitrogen is sent to the ammonia synthesis reactor ( ).

Process for combined production of ammonia and urea

In a process for decomposing a carbamate aqueous solution coming from a urea recovery section of a urea production plant at a predetermined temperature by indirect heat exchange with a heating fluid having a different predetermined temperature, the temperature difference between said carbamate aqueous solution and said heating fluid is reduced to a value not higher than 70&deg; C.

Process for decomposing a carbamate aqueous solution coming from the urea recovery section of a urea production plant

A process for urea production in a synthesis loop based on CO stripping is distinguished by the fact that at least part of a flow recycle carbamate is sent to a treatment of carbamate decomposition and removal of free ammonia to obtain a vapour flow containing CO and NH with minimum content of water, and a weak water carbamate solution sent back to a urea recovery unit URS and being at least part of above vapour flow containing CO and NH with minimum content of water directly fed to the bottom zone of a reaction space.

Process and plant for the production of urea

A method for the simultaneous modernization of a plant for ammonia synthesis and a plant for urea synthesis, provides&mdash;inter alia&mdash;the arrangement of a carbamate synthesis section and a carbamate decomposition section, in order to obtain a predetermined amount of carbamate in aqueous solution and of hydrogen and nitrogen in gaseous phase which are fed to the existing sections for urea synthesis, respectively ammonia synthesis. Thanks to this method of modernization it is possible to remarkably increase the production capacity and at the same time to reduce the energy consumption of the urea and ammonia plants without being forced to replace or anyway overload the existing sections of decarbonation, methanation and compression, in general.

Method for the simultaneous modernization of a plant for ammonia production and a plant for urea production

A hydrolysis reactor for removal of urea, ammonia and carbon dioxide from a liquid phase comprising urea in aqueous solution advantageously comprises a dividing baffle extending horizontally at a preset height in the reactor in which it defines a first and a second respectively lower and upper reaction space, means of collection and extraction from the reactor of a first portion of a gaseous phase comprising high pressure and temperature steam, previously fed into the first reaction space and means for feeding a second portion of the gaseous phase comprising high pressure and temperature steam to the second reaction space.

Hydrolysis reactor for removal of urea, ammonia and carbon dioxide from a liquid phase comprising urea in aqueous solution

A Method for in-situ modernization of a heterogeneous exothermic synthesis reactor, comprising the steps of providing at least a first and at least a second catalytic bed (,) in an upper (2,) respectively lower (2,) portion of the reactor, providing additionally a lowermost catalytic bed (,) in the lower portion (2,) of the reactor having a reaction volume smaller than the reaction volume of the second catalytic bed (,), and loading the lowermost catalytic bed (,) with a catalyst having an activity higher that the activity of the catalyst loaded in the other beds (,). Thanks to the above steps, the present method allows to obtain a reactor with high conversion yield.

Method for in-situ modernization of a heterogeneous exothermic synthesis reactor

The present invention relates generally an apparatus for uniformly mixing gaseous flows at different temperatures. In particular, a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to a heterogeneous exothermic synthesis reactor including a plurality of superimposed catalytic beds wherein at least one of the beds is provided with a gas permeable wall for outlet of a hot gas flow. In this embodiment, a baffle extends below and parallel to the gas permeable wall, thereby defining an air space to collect the hot gas flow. An annular opening is provided for outlet of the hot gas flow from the air space defined between the baffle and a side wall supporting the beds associated with the reactor and a perforated distributor for cooling a gas flow supported below said baffle at a predetermined distance from the annular opening. Further, the air space which collects the hot gas flow has a constant thickness in correspondence with the annular opening and the ratio of the width of the annular opening to the thickness of the air space is between 0.2 and 1.

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Lugano, Switzerland

Giorgio Pagani