Siemens Aktiengesellschaft

Gerhard Richter

Konrad Mund

Erhard Weidlich

Ulrich Gebhardt

Gunter Luft

Raghavendra Rao

Horst Boder

Walter Preidel

Manfred Waidhas

Ferdinand Von Sturm

Dieter Kuhl

J Raghavendra Rao

Kurt Pantel

Ferdinand V Sturm

Solid electrolyte capacitors are produced in such a way that a formed metallic anode body which has pores passing through it is arranged on a working electrode, and a conductive polymer is deposited in the pores of the anode body by electochemical polymerization of a monomer in the liquid phase, in the presence of a conducting salt. The polymer is provided with a contact point.

Method of making solid electrolyte capacitor

An implantable electrode, particularly a stimulation electrode, in which the electrode head consists of vitreous carbon which is preferably surface activated.

Method for making an implantable electrode

The electrochemical determination of the oxygen concentration, particularly in biological matter, is possible by means of an oxygen sensor with a measuring electrode and a counter electrode over long periods of time, even if the sensor is implanted, by taking the following measures; two potentials are cyclically impressed on the measuring electrode, with one potential (measuring potential) in the range -1.4 V.ltoreq..rho.Ag/AgCl.ltoreq.-0.4 V, and the other potential (recovery potential) in the range -0.2 V.ltoreq..rho.Ag/AgCl.ltoreq.+0.2 V; the dwelling time at the measuring potential is small as compared to the duration of the cycle; and the current flowing during the measuring period is evaluated as the measuring signal.

Method and apparatus for the electrochemical determination of oxygen

Physiological frequency control of a heart pacemaker having a stimulating electrode is accomplished by providing an oxygen measuring electrode and placing it in the body tissue, loading the oxygen measuring electrode with stimulating pulses in parallel with the stimulating electrode, measuring the potential of the oxygen measuring electrode relative to another electrode between stimulating pulses, and controlling the frequency of the pacemaker as a function of the measured potential.

Device and method for the physiological frequency control of a heart

Implantable electrode

A method for determining the concentration of sugar in the presence of interfering foreign substances, by means of a test electrode with a membrane placed in front of it, the electrode being contained in an electrocatalytic sugar sensor, whereby the test electrode is set potentiostatically to a reactivation potential and to a test potential and the current flowing during the set test period is evaluated as a test signal. The invention formulates a method such that with varying concentrations of urea a sensitive determination of sugar concentration which is reliable over a long term is achieved. The invention discloses the method which includes the step that after the reactivation potential and prior to the test potential a third potential that is more negative than the test potential is applied to the test electrode. The technique proposed in the invention is particularly appropriate for the determination of the concentration of glucose in body fluids.

Method for determining sugar concentration

The invention relates to a method and apparatus for the indirect oxidation of urea by means of an electrochemical cell having two electrodes, to which an aqueous chloride-containing urea solution is supplied, and has as its object the provision of a method such that the urea is removed from the solution as completely as possible, without further changes occurring in the solution. According to the invention, the cell is divided for that purpose by an ion-conducting membrane into two spaces, one of which contains the anode and the other the cathode, and the solution is supplied first to the anode space and then to the cathode space. The method according to the invention serves in particular for extra-corporal blood purification.

Method for the indirect oxidation of urea

A method for determining the concentration of sugar in the presence of interfering foreign substances, particularly for determining glucose in a body fluid, by means of an electrocatalytic sugar sensor which has a measuring electrode in which the measuring electrode is alternatingly set potentiostatically to a reactivation and a measuring potential and the current flowing during the measuring period is evaluated as the measurement signal. To prevent foreign substances from exerting an interfering influence and thereby permit a sensitive sugar determination which is reliable over an extended period of time, a hydrophilic diaphragm is arranged in front of the measuring electrode to impede the resupply of the interfering foreign substances to the measuring electrode so that a diffusion limit current adjusts itself during the reactivation phase in the oxidation of the foreign substances; and the current is evaluated with a time delay relative to the start of the measuring period.

Method for determining the concentration of sugar using an

The invention relates to an electrochemical capacitor with electrodes of activated carbon. Such a capacitor is to be improved in the sense that the electrodes are mechanically stable and also exhibit a large capacity per unit of area. To this end, the invention provides electrodes which consist of glass carbon activated in concentrated sulfuric acid at temperatures of up to about 330.degree. C. The electrochemical capacitor according to the invention is suitable for use in electric circuits.

Electrochemical capacitor

The invention relates to an implantable carbon electrode. With such an electrode, the energy loss -- occurring after the implantation -- is to be largely avoided and also thrombus formation prevented. For this purpose the invention provides a smooth coating of hydrophilic ion conducting plastic for the electrode, comprising at least on the surface thereof, body and/or blood compatible material. The carbon electrode according to the invention serves in particular as a stimulus electrode, preferably in cardiac pacemakers.

Implantable carbon electrode

The invention relates to an implantable dosing device for the continuous, controllable release of medication in the human or animal body, comprising a medicine reservoir of variable volume and a liquid chamber which is tensionally connected to the medicine reservoir and the volume of which can be varied by liquid which is transported through an ion exchange diaphragm by electro-osmosis due to an electric field between two electrodes. According to the invention, the electrodes in such an implantable dosing device are hydrogen electrodes which are connected to each other by a line for hydrogen, and means are further provided for compensating hydrogen losses.

Implantable dosing device

A method for the manufacture of electrodes for electrochemical cells, is provided in which a Raney rare-metal catalytic layer is disposed on a metallic support structure in layer form. According to the invention, the Raney rare-metal catalytic layer is prepared by dissolving the inactive component of a layer, disposed on the support structure, of a homogeneous alloy of at least one of the metals of the platinum group of the periodic system of the elements as the active component and at least one of the metals of the iron group of the periodic system of the elements as the inactive component; the content of inactive component being at least 65 atom-percent.

Method for the manufacture of an electrode for electrochemical cells

An improved heart pacemaker of the type which includes a stimulating electrode and a counter electrode, a pulse generator and which has an implantable glucose/oxygen biofuel cell as an energy supply, in which pacemaker the area of the glucose electrode of the biofuel cell is made larger than that of the stimulating electrode and the stimulating electrode is in electrically conductive connection with the glucose electrode and thus at the same potential.

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Erlangen, Germany

Gerhard Richter