Schott Glaswerke

Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Gen.

Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe Gmbh

Schott Glas

Deutsche Automobilgesellschaft Mbh

Friedrich G Baucke

Bernd Metz

Thomas Pfeiffer

Jutta Braun

Ralf-Dieter Werner

Holger Kistrup

Volker Paquet

Gernot Roeth

Gunter Gutmann

Stefan Dorner

Sylvia Biedenbender

Dieter Krause

Klaus Mucke

Volker Heinzel

Johann Weber

Gernot Roth

Gerd M/ller

Johannes Zauner

Gernot R&ouml;th

The invention relates to a method for suppressing the formation of oxygen gas bubbles at the contact interface between a glass melt and a component of a glass melting arrangement with this component being made of a precious metal. This component is especially the precious metal lining of a feed channel. The characterization &ldquo;precious metal&rdquo; includes in this context: platinum, gold, rhenium, all other metals of the platinum group, the alloys of the above-mentioned metals and the above-mentioned metals and alloys in dispersion oxide enhanced form. The occurrence of gas bubbles at the phase boundary between precious metal and the glass melt has been known for some time without effective measures having been suggested up until now to improve significantly the quality and yield of the generated glass products, particularly because precious metal parts have to be arranged in the glass manufacture downstream of the usual purification devices with which gas bubbles can be removed from the melt. To solve the task resulting therefrom, it is provided in accordance with the invention that the part, which is made of precious metal, is electrically conductively connected to one or several electrodes which are arranged spaced from the part, which is made of precious metal, in the glass melt, and that a potential drop is generated between the electrode and the part made of precious metal so that a current flows.

Method of improving the quality of glass

The method of electrochemical determination of oxygen partial pressure in ionic melts includes providing a metal/metal oxide reference electrode consisting of an electrode body made of a metal selected from the group consisting of Mo, W, Hf, Nb and Ta and alloys thereof and a layer of an oxide of that metal on the electrode body; immersing a pure platinum electrode and the metal/metal oxide reference electrode in a glass melt; measuring a potential across the metal/metal oxide reference electrode and the pure platinum electrode immersed in the glass melt to obtain a measured potential characteristic of the oxygen partial pressure in the glass melt; obtaining a calibration curve relating the potential across said reference electrode and the pure platinum electrode to the oxygen partial pressure in the glass melt as a function of temperature; and obtaining the oxygen partial pressure in the glass melt from the measured potential and the calibration curve. Either the calibration curve is obtained experimentally by immersing a Zirconium dioxide electrode in the glass melt and measuring a potential difference between the metal/metal oxide reference electrode and the Zirconium dioxide electrode at a plurality of temperatures or theoretically from thermodynamic data for the metal/metal oxide reference electrode.

Reference electrode for electrochemical determination of oxygen partial

In a process for fining oxide melts, comprising fining an oxide melt with gas generated electrochemically in situ in the oxide melt, oxygen is generated in situ electrolytically as the fining gas. Alternating, as well as direct, voltage may be employed.

Process for fining oxide melts

A hydrogen/oxygen fuel cell includes an electrolyte which is solid at room temperature, has opposing faces, conducts protons, and is comprised of at least one of (a) at least one oxide of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IVB, VB, VIB, and VIII elements of the Periodic Table, (b) silicon dioxide, and (c) at least one fluoride of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group IIA and IIIB elements of the Periodic Table. Also included are a hydrogen electrode which is applied to one face of the opposing faces of the electrolyte, is hydrogen permeable, and is negatively charged in use; and an oxygen electrode which is applied to another face of the opposing faces of the electrolyte, is hydrogen permeable, and is positively charged in use. A hydrogen-containing gas chamber is provided so as to be in communication with the hydrogen electrode; and an oxygen-containing gas chamber is provided so as to be in communication with the oxygen electrode.

Hydrogen/oxygen fuel cell

The invention relates to a measuring device to measure the oxygen partial pressure, in particular, glass melts, comprising a platinum measuring electrode and a reference electrode arrangement. The reference electrode arrangement is placed in an outer pipe and contains a platinum reference electrode. The electrode protrudes into an oxygen-conducting solid electrolyte, through which an oxygen-containing reference gas flows. For ion-conducting contact with the melt, a rod-shaped contact element of oxygen-ion conducting material is inserted into the open lower end of the outer pipe. This contact element is immersed in the melt. To prevent the inflow of environmental vapors into the measuring space through leaks at this connecting point, the actual measuring arrangement is placed in a liner pipe of oxygen-ion conducting material whose lower end is in ion-conducting contact with the contact element by way of an oxygen-ion conducting powdered material. Additionally, the annular space around the liner pipe can be separated from the interior of the liner pipe, and a flow of inert gas can be provided through the annular space via gas inlet and outlet connections.

Method and device for measuring the oxygen partial pressure in

An electrochromic layer-set, operating with hydrogen, comprises a transparent substrate front face plate, at least two electrodes, at least one electrochromic layer, a hydrogen ion-storing layer, a hydrogen ion-conducting layer, a rear face in sealing relationship with the layer-set, directly following one of the two electrodes, there being a metallic layer between the rear face and the layer lying in front of the rear face (the electrode) or the rear face itself is formed by this metallic layer. The side of the metallic layer turned away from the substrate plate is optionally transformed into the oxide of the metal. For the application of such a metallic layer, the layer-set and a counter-electrode are immersed in an electrolyte containing the metal ions, with the electrode lying at the rear face of the layer-set being made the negative electrode.

Electrochromic layer-set

For charging an electrochromic layered package with hydrogen and for applying a backing to a layered package comprising a transparent substrate plate disposed on the front, at least two electrodes, where, of these two electrodes, the first electrode after this substrate plate (first electrode) is a transparent electrode, at least one electrochromic layer, a hydrogen-storing layer, a hydrogen ion-conducting layer and a backing which seals the layered package and directly follows the second of the two electrodes, an electrochromic layered system is initially, before application of the backing and after application of the second electrode, which is to be followed by the backing, electrolytically charged, in a first step, with hydrogen from a hydrogen ion-containing electrolyte solution and, in a second step, a metal layer is deposited reductively, preferably electrolytically, as a backing which provides sealing against H.sub.2 loss and H.sub.2 O exchange, onto the second electrode from a solution containing the pertinent metal as the ion, and the layered package is then completed.

Process for charging an electrochromic system with hydrogen

In an electrochromatic, transparent layer system comprising at least one electrochromatic layer (2), two electrodes (3, 5) separated by a hydrogen ion supplying layer which simultaneously is a hydrogen ion storing layer (4), there is located, seen in the direction of light incidence through the layer system, a further hydrogen ion conducting layer (6) (e.g. of SiO.sub.2) behind the electrode (5), behind which a further electrode (7) is arranged. The electrode (7) is capable of oxidizing hydrogen diffusing from within the system into hydrogen ions. For this purpose, a protective voltage is applied between electrode (5) and electrode (7) such that the third electrode (7) forms the positive pole.

Electrochromatic system with third electrode

Electrochromic mirrors hermetically sealed from the ambient environment and comprising at least one electrode, at least one electrochromic layer, a reflector, at least one ion-conducting layer, and at least one ion-supplying layer which simultaneously is an ion-storing layer and is not identical with the reflector, wherein the ion-conducting layer consists essentially of an ion-conducting inorganic solid.

Electrochromic mirrors

An electrolyte glass for use as the solid electrolyte in high-temperature galvanic batteries, for example a sodium-sulfur battery. The glass electrolyte has relatively low resistivity and high corrosion resistance and is easily worked by glass manufacturing techniques. The composition of the glass electrolyte according to the invention is defined by xNa.sub.2 O.multidot.ySiO.sub.2 .multidot.zAl.sub.2 O.sub.3.

Growing community of inventors

Mainz, Germany

Friedrich G Baucke