Max-planck-gesellschaft Zur F&#xf6;rderung Der Wissenschaften E. V.

Cornell University

Eberhard Bodenschatz

Valentin I Krinski

Stefan Luther

Huixuan Wu

Robert Gilmour

Flavio H Fenton

Ingmar Polenz

Jean-Christophe Baret

Haitao Xu

Valentin Krinski

Flavio Fenton

Each of monodisperse spherical microcapsules for seeding a transparent fluid to track movements of the fluid both in translational and rotational directions comprises a core; a shell; and 1 to 5 light reflecting solid integral particles. Each of the particles reflects incoming light in a defined direction; and each of the particles is embedded in the core and fixed in its orientation with regard to the shell. The shell and the core are transparent for the incoming light to be reflected by the particles entering and exiting the microcapsule. The shell has a thickness of not more than &#x3bb;, &#x3bb; being a wavelength of the incoming light, so that the shell does essentially not deflect the incoming light entering and exiting the microcapsule. The core includes a main component of the fluid such that a refraction index of the core essentially matches a refraction index of the fluid.

Reflecting spherical microcapsules

Spherical microcapsules including light reflecting solid integral particles reflecting incoming light in a defined direction for determining the position and orientation of the microcapsule are produced by preparing a first liquid phase containing a first polymerization partner; preparing a second liquid phase containing a second polymerization partner, the first liquid phase not being soluble in the second liquid phase, and the second polymerization partner being configured to polymerize with the first polymerization partner under polymerization conditions; dispersing the solid particles in the first liquid phase; forming droplets of the first liquid phase including at least one solid particle; and immersing the droplets in the second liquid phase under the polymerization conditions. The first polymerization partner and the second polymerization partner polymerize at the surfaces of the droplets forming shells of a polymeric material enclosing the individual droplets, and the light reflecting solid integral particles are fixed to the shells.

Reflecting spherical microcapsules and methods of their production

For determining positions and orientations of mirrors, the mirrors are illuminated with parallel light rays. A first camera is arranged in an image plane onto which an objective images the mirrors. A second camera is arranged in a focal plane of the objective, and a third camera is arranged in an intermediate plane located at distances to both the image and the focal plane. At a same point in time, a first, a second and a third picture are taken with the first, the second and the third camera, respectively. The positions and the orientations of the mirrors are determined from light spots in the first and the second picture, respectively; and which of the orientations belongs to which of the positions is determined by correlating light spots in the third picture with both the light spots in the first and in the second picture.

Method of and apparatus for optically determining positions and orientations of mirrors

High frequency cardiac arrhythmias and fibrillations are terminated by electric field pacing pulses having an order of magnitude less energy than a conventional cardioversion or defibrillation energy. The frequency and number of the pulses are selected based on a frequency analysis of a present high frequency cardiac arrhythmia or fibrillation. The energy of the pulses is selected from 1/400 to &#xbd; of the conventional defibrillation energy, and the amplitude of the electric field pacing pulses are selected such as to activate a multitude of effective pacing sites in the heart tissue per each pacing electrode. The number and locations of the effective pacing sites in the heart tissue are regulated by the amplitude of the electric field pacing pulses, and by an orientation of the electric field of the pulses.

Multisite heart pacing with adjustable number of pacing sites for terminating high frequency cardiac arrhythmias

For terminating a high frequency arrhythmic electric state of a heart an electric signal representative of the present electric state of the heart is obtained. From the electric signal a dominant frequency of the present electric state is determined, and from the dominant frequency it is determined whether the present electric state of the heart is a high frequency arrhythmic electric state displaying at least one rotating wave. Further, a dominance level indicative of how dominant the dominant frequency is in the high frequency arrhythmic electric state is determined from the electric signal. Depending on the at least one dominant frequency, at least one series of electric pulses at intervals is generated. The electric pulses are applied to the heart starting at a point in time at which the dominance level exceeds a predefined threshold value for the heart being in a determined high frequency arrhythmic electric state.

Apparatus for terminating a high frequency arrhythmic electric state of a heart

For terminating a high frequency arrhythmic electric state of a biological tissue an electric signal representative of the present electric state of the biological tissue is obtained. From the electric signal a dominant frequency of the present electric state is determined, and from the dominant frequency it is determined whether the present electric state of the biological tissue is a high frequency arrhythmic electric state. Further, a dominance level indicative of how dominant the dominant frequency is in the high frequency arrhythmic electric state is determined from the electric signal. Depending on the at least one dominant frequency, at least one series of electric pulses at intervals is generated. The electric pulses are applied to the biological tissue starting at a point in time at which the dominance level exceeds a predefined threshold value for the biological tissue being in a determined high frequency arrhythmic electric state.

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Goettingen, Germany

Eberhard Bodenschatz