International Business Machines Corporation

David C Tannenbaum

Andrew D Bowen

Robert Spencer Horton

Paul Mark Schanely

Bob C Liang

Leland D Richardson

Daniel G Gibbons

David W Li

Bruce C Hempel

Timothy J Ebbers

John J Lawless

Nina Y Liang

Roland M Hochmuth

Jeffrey Scott Spencer

Michael J Phelps

Douglas P Moore

James A Harstad

A system and method for drawing non-opaque objects with realistic refraction attributes. The system adjusts the pixel values of an object with a refraction index other than unity so that the resulting image approximates a refracted image. Adjacent pixel values are copied and blended with the pixel being rendered based upon a calculated refraction value. Refraction can be approximated as a surface effect by offset vectors, as a property of an object having parallel front and back surfaces and as an arbitrary object with non-parallel opposing surfaces. The more complex representations provide improved approximations of the refracted image. The resulting image presents a more realistic view of the refracted image.

Hardware based graphics workstation solution for refraction phenomena

The present invention provides an apparatus for displaying an image of an object, as illuminated by a light source, on a display within a computer graphics display system. The image is graphically represented by a mesh of polygons and each polygon within the mesh has a surface defined by a set of vertices. The vertices define the surface of the polygon. The apparatus includes a processor, such as a rasterizer, that is responsive to each set of vertices for rendering each surface within the mesh of polygons in response to ambient lighting to produce a number of initially rendered surfaces within the mesh of polygons. Phong shading is utilized by the present invention. The processor produces a specular highlight contribution for each surface within the mesh of polygons utilizing a halfway vector, pointing from each surface to a direction halfway between a light vector and a vector pointing towards a viewpoint, associated with a vector normal to each surface. Diffuse color contributions are generated within the processor using a light vector from a surface pointing to an illumination source associated with a vector normal to each surface. The specular highlight contribution and the diffuse color contribution for each surface of the initially rendered surfaces are summed to produce finally rendered surfaces within the mesh of polygons. These finally rendered polygons are used to display the image within the computer graphics display system.

Method and apparatus for shading graphical images in a data processing

A system and method for determining and applying the effect of light polarization on the rendering of graphics objects. A polarization state buffer is provided to maintain polarization state on a pixel by pixel basis for each pixel in a frame buffer. As graphics objects are rendered the polarization state information is updated based on the underlying opaque surface, the polarization state of the light, and the characteristics of non-opaque objects being drawn. Pixel intensity is adjusted based on the degree of polarization, and the angle of the polarization axis. An approximation of the pixel intensity function is implemented using standard hardware logic.

Rendering of non-opaque media using the p-buffer to account for

Hardware logic and processing methods for enhanced data manipulation within a graphics display system are described. The graphics display system includes a graphics processor sub-system and a rendering subsystem which are serially connected for pipeline processing of an interleaved stream of commands and data. One or more status bits or XBITs are defined within each rasterizer of a multi-rasterizer rendering sub-system. An XBIT, which may comprise a ZBIT, a UBIT, or an RBIT, etc., provides a mechanism for introducing execution of various logic functions within the rendering sub-system portion of the computer graphics adapter. Corresponding data processing methods are also described.

Decision variable hardware logic and processing methods for graphics

A method and apparatus for the management of the data associated with multiple graphics contexts in a computer graphics rendering system. Graphics contexts are built by graphics engines and selectively saved into a context save RAM. Context switches are managed either by modifying a context base pointer to address a new section of the context save RAM, or by writing out a portion of the context save RAM to external storage and reading in a replacement context from external storage. The writing and reading process are managed by a control processor allowing the graphics engines to switch context at the same time. New contexts read from external storage automatically cause regeneration of downstream rasterization parameters.

Context management in a graphics system

A multiple-pass system for determining the primitives that are visible in a predetermined pick aperture for a 'visible pick' operation. On the first pass, the primitives contained within the pick aperture and thus potentially visible are selected, and each selected primitive is assigned a pick index as an identifier. On the second pass, the pick indices of the selected primitives are rendered to a temporary frame buffer area, using a Z-buffer for hidden surface removal so that only the pick indices of the primitives visible within the pick aperture are stored in the corresponding frame buffer portion. On the third pass, the frame buffer portion corresponding to the pick aperture is read to determine the pick indices of the visible primitives. This information is then used to report back to the host the picked primitives.

Method and apparatus for determining the drawing primitives that are

An implementation of a flexible memory controller for a graphics hardware system that supports flexible allocation of frame buffer resources. The buffer selection and steering to the channels of the modification logic are performed by a programmable controller. Furthermore, the controller is capable of performing pixel functions that require multiple frame buffer accesses per pixel. Still further, independent control is provided for read and write sequences. Also, separate control is provided for buffer selection and bus steering. This function is useful for controlling systems where the frame buffer resources are limited. The present invention allows for assigning various buffers alternate functions based on the application's requirements, and may vary on a per window basis.

Flexible memory controller for graphics applications

A method and system for processing a graphics data stream in a computer graphics system having a parallel processing system. The graphics data stream includes a plurality of elements. The method and system of the present invention involve associating tags with elements in a graphics data stream, wherein each tag indicates a display order for the element associated with the tag. The elements are processed within a parallel processing system to produce processed elements, wherein each of the processed elements maintains an association with a tag. The processed elements are rasterized in a selected sequence to determine new pixel data sets, wherein rasterization of each processed element results in a new pixel data set for each of a plurality of pixels. Each new pixel data set includes order data derived from a tag associated with each of the processed elements. For each new pixel data set resulting from the rasterization of the processed elements, a current pixel data set is determined in response to a comparison of order data in the new pixel data set with order data in an existing pixel data set for each of the pixels. The pixels are then displayed within a display device utilizing the current pixel data sets associated with each of the pixels, wherein the plurality of elements is displayed in an order indicated by the associated tags to form a image.

Method and apparatus for displaying primitives processed by a parallel

A hardware filter for controlling the detectability, highlighting and invisibility of graphics primitives. Each of the three display attributes (detectability, highlighting, and invisibility) being controlled has associated with it both an inclusion counter and an exclusion counter, for a total of six counters. Associated with each class name is a flag, indicating whether the class name is a member of the currently active set, as well as a 6-bit string indicating the effect of the class on each of the six filters. On traversal of the structure hierarchy, upon encountering an order for the addition of a class name to the set, and if the flag corresponding to the class name has not already been set, the flag is set and the corresponding filter counters are incremented in parallel by gating an incrementing signal with the 6-bit string. Similarly, upon encountering an order for the removal of a class name to the set, and the flag corresponding to the class name has not been reset, the flag is reset and the corresponding filter counters are decremented by gating a decrementing signal with the 6-bit string. Subsequently encountered primitives are considered as detectable, highlighted or invisible if the corresponding inclusion filter counter is greater than zero, indicating that the primitive belongs to at least one included class, and the corresponding exclusion filter counter is zero, indicating that the primitive does not belong to any excluded class.

Attribute filter for computer graphics applications

A graphics display system picking function tracks machine states of pickable primitive operators through the use of a pick stack and machine state memory. The pick stack operates as a stack when accessed by pipeline processors. Pipeline processors can add an element to the stack or remove elements from the stack as structures are processed. Selection or picking of an object causes a graphics control processor to randomly access the pick stack to determine the attributes of a picked primitive. The machine state memory is implemented as a video RAM allowing rapid copying of rows containing machine states for various structure levels in the hierarchy. A first area of the machine state memory stores the states relating to the structures in the hierarchy as they are executed. A second area retains an abbreviated state description for each pickable primitive while a final area contains abbreviated machine state information for picked objects to be echoed by the system. The pick stack and machine state memories operate together to provide rapid pick identification, picked primitive machine state identification, and picked primitive echoing. The use of separate picked primitive echo machine storage allows drawing of the picked primitives without a complete re-traversal of the displayed list. This also results in reduced processing time.

Picking function for a pipeline graphics system using hierarchical

A multi-processor graphics system including a general purpose system control processor for setting up the workstation environment and data traversal structures based upon an application model language description. Workload balancing and interprocessor communication is managed by defining a general purpose interface between the general purpose processor and special purpose graphics control processor. The system control processor accepts application program information in a standard form, such as a hierarchical graphics language definition, then converts it into generalized interface control blocks for communication to the graphics control processor. Graphics control processor is signalled by an interrupt from the system control processor to begin the traversal process. The graphics control processor can then access the standard control blocks contained in system memory and perform the traversal necessary to generate the requested graphics image. Generalized control blocks allow rapid adaptation to program changes and efficient communication between the general purpose and specialized processors.

Growing community of inventors

Hurley, NY, United States of America

David C Tannenbaum