Iogen Corporation

Apple Inc.

Nortel Networks Corporation

Daniel G MacDonald

Brian Foody

Jeffrey S Tolan

Kristin Martens

Natacha Leduc

Patrick J Foody

John Dechman

Robert John Griffin

Douglas A MacKenzie

A process for producing a fuel from lignocellulosic biomass is disclosed. The process includes obtaining a feedstock comprising lignocellulosic biomass, feeding the feedstock and sulfur dioxide into a pretreatment reactor, wherein a total amount of sulfur dioxide in the pretreatment reactor is greater than 70 wt % based on dry weight lignocellulosic biomass, and heating the feedstock and sulfur dioxide in the pretreatment reactor at one or more temperatures between 110&#xb0; C. and 150&#xb0; C. for more than 60 minutes.

Low temperature pretreatment with sulfur dioxide

A process for converting lignocellulosic biomass to glucose or ethanol includes subjecting the lignocellulosic biomass to a lignosulfonic acid pretreatment, wherein the lignosulfonic acid has a concentration of sulfonate groups in acid form that is greater than 0.02 mol/L and a total amount of sulfur dioxide is greater than 15 wt % based on dry weight of lignocellulosic biomass.

Pretreatment with lignosulfonic acid

A process for converting lignocellulosic biomass to glucose or ethanol includes subjecting the lignocellulosic biomass to a SOpretreatment within the temperature range 110&#xb0; C.-150&#xb0; C. Good glucose yields have been achieved when the SOpretreatment is conducted for more than 90 minutes and when the total amount of SOavailable is greater than 20 wt % based on dry weight of lignocellulosic biomass.

Converting lignocellulosic biomass to glucose using a low temperature sulfur dioxide pretreatment

A process for producing ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass includes adding at least one of sulfur dioxide and sulfurous acid to the lignocellulosic biomass to provide an equivalent sulfur dioxide loading of at least 10 wt % sulfur dioxide to dry lignocellulosic biomass. The acidified lignocellulosic biomass is pretreated at a temperature above about 185&#xb0; C. and for a pretreatment time less than about 10 minutes, to provide a pretreated biomass composition wherein the biomass is readily hydrolyzed by enzymes. Advantageously, sulfur dioxide from at least one of the flash stream and a stream derived from the flash is recovered and recycled back into the process.

Sulfur dioxide and/or sulfurous acid pretreatment with sulfur dioxide recovery

A process for producing alcohol from lignocellulosic biomass includes adding at least one of sulfur dioxide and sulfurous acid to the lignocellulosic biomass to provide an effective sulfur dioxide dosage and/or effective sulfur dioxide slurry concentration, each of which is calculated using the ratio of the volume of the slurry in the pretreatment reactor to the total volume of the pretreatment reactor, within a predetermined range.

Sulfur dioxide and/or sulfurous acid pretreatment

Filter housing

The disclosure provides a process for producing a fermentation product from a lignocellulosic feedstock. The process describes soaking a lignocellulosic feedstock in an aqueous solution to produce a soaked feedstock. The soaked feedstock is at least partially dewatered and the at least partially dewatered feedstock is subjected to pretreating in the presence of sulfur dioxide, sulfurous acid or a combination thereof to produce a pretreated feedstock composition. The pretreated feedstock composition is fed to an enzymatic hydrolysis in which the concentration of dissolved solids fed to the enzymatic hydrolysis is at least 50% (w/w) of the concentration of dissolved solids in the pretreated feedstock composition. The cellulose in the pretreated feedstock composition is hydrolyzed with cellulase enzymes in the presence of the dissolved solids to produce glucose. The glucose is fermented to produce the fermentation product.

Process comprising sulfur dioxide and/or sulfurous acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis

Within an access services network (ASN) providing wireless access services to an access terminal and a base station communicatively coupled to an ASN gateway, a new functional process identified as an 'R6 controller' is provided within the framework. The R6 controller includes both a controlling entity process residing and executing within the ASN gateway and an agent entity process residing and executing within the base station. The R6 controller entities monitor the R6 reference point therebetween and may execute a keep-alive procedure for determining the status of the R6 interface. If a problem is detected, interested client applications are notified and further actions (e.g., initiate handover process, notify ATs, etc.) may be taken. Optionally, the R6 controller entities function as gateways enabling centralized processing for messages transmitted between peer instances of other client application processes spanning the base station&#x2014;ASN gateway pair.

WiMAX R6 control architecture

Within an access services network (ASN) operable for providing wireless access services to an access terminal and including a base station communicatively coupled to an ASN gateway, a new functional process identified as an 'R6 controller' is provided within the framework. The R6 controller includes both a controlling entity process residing and executing within the ASN gateway and an agent entity process residing and executing within the base station. The R6 controller entities monitor the R6 reference point between these two peer instances of the R6 controller, including executing a keep-alive procedure for determining the status of the R6 interface. If a problem is detected, interested client applications are notified and further actions (e.g., initiate handover process, notify ATs, etc.) may be taken. Optionally, the R6 controller entities function as gateways enabling centralized processing for message transmitted between peer instances of other client application processes spanning the base station&#x2014;ASN gateway pair.

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Ottawa, Canada

Daniel G MacDonald