American Air Liquide, Inc.

L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme a Directoire Et Conseil De Surveillance Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude

Air Liquide Canada, Inc.

Daniel D Duarte

Meenakshi V Sundaram

V S Meenakshi Sundaram

Jeffrey E Arbogast

Steven A Fisher

Malik Haouchine

Candice John

Stephanie Mortenson

A product is chilled or at least partially frozen by descending against a counter-current flow of liquid nitrogen in a vertical freezer containing an immersion bath of liquid nitrogen and the chilled or at least partially frozen product is extracted from the bath. The product may optionally be a liquid, semi-solid, suspension or slurry.

Vertical counter-flow immersion freezer

Scaling is controlled in a cooling water system with CO2 based upon measurements of the cooling water's pH, alkalinity and Caconcentration.

Method to inhibit scale formation in cooling circuits using carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide may be used to adjust the electrical properties of papermaking compositions. Such papermaking compositions may contain a colloid phase, an aqueous phase, and optionally, pulp fibers. Examples of electrical properties whose values may be adjusted include zeta potential, electrical charge demand, conductivity, and streaming potential. The carbon dioxide may be introduced at many different points in a papermaking process, including calcium carbonate slurry feeds, pulp fiber slurries, diluted pulp fibers slurries, broke, and whitewater. When a value or range of values based upon an electrical property is predetermined, such as an optimal value or range, introduction of carbon dioxide may be used to adjust the value such that it is closer to the predetermined value.

Methods for modifying electrical properties of papermaking compositions using carbon dioxide

Methods of converting a sulfide in a composition to polysulfide are described, one method comprising the steps of exposing the composition to conditions and for a time sufficient to cause conversion of at least a portion of the sulfide, to polysulfide to form a modified composition; and controlling the conversion to polysulfide by measuring a color parameter of the modified composition.

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Newark, DE, United States of America

Daniel D Duarte