Borgwarner Inc.

Bulent Chavdar

Robert C Lam

Feng Dong

Yih-Fang Chen

A friction material has a first layer of a base material and a second layer of at least one type of friction modifying particle having substantially symmetrical geometric shapes on a top surface of the base material. The second layer has an average thickness of about 30 to about 200 microns and the surface area coverage of about 80 to about 100% such that the top layer has a fluid permeability lower than the first layer.

Friction material with friction modifying layer having symmetrical geometric shapes

A permeameter provides normal and lateral permeability measurements on porous materials. The permeability measurements can be made on compressed or uncompressed samples and can be made at room temperature or at elevated temperatures. A wide variety of fluids, gas or liquid, can be used as the penetrating test fluid depending on the application and the porosity of porous sample. The penetrating test fluid is forced through the sample under pressure. The load, the fluid displacement, and the time are recorded and used in the calculations of permeability, porosity, pore size distribution, average pore size and the number of pores per unit area.

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Bulent Chavdar